Teaching Plan-Unit 12-to the students

Unit 12 Sentence Structure & Noun Clauses

Sentence Structures

I. Lead-in (1)

Read the following joke and try to see the importance of sentence structure.

A man was standing at a bus stop eating fish and chips (炸薯条). An old lady and her little white dog stood next to him. The dog, excited by the smell of the fish and chips, started to bark and jump up on the man’s leg.

“Do you mind if I throw him a bit?” the man asked the old lady. “Not at all,”she said. “Go ahead.”

So the man picked up the little dog and threw it over a wall.

可见，由于老太太错误地判断了a bit 所充当的成分，从而错误地理解了男子的用意，导致自己的宠物狗被扔了出去。

结论：正确判断句子的结构和分析句子成分对于正确理解和运用英语至关重要。

Lead-in (2)

Read the following sentences: 1. I am a Webaholic. 我是一个网虫。 2. I like chatting online. 我喜欢网上聊天。

3. Chatting on the Internet is interesting. 网上聊天很有趣。

4. Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun. 网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。

以动词为界，我们可以简要将上述句子分割成两部分：

陈述的对象（主语部分） I I Chatting on the Internet Chatting on the Internet

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陈述的内容（谓语部分） am a Webaholic. like chatting online. is interesting. brings me a lot of fun.

结论：一个完整的英文句子由两部分组成：“陈述对象+陈述内容”， 即“主语+谓语”，或者“名词+动词”。

In-Class Ex.1

I.找出下列句子的主语部分和谓语部分 1. Studying English takes time.

2. The first step is always the hardest. 3. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 4. A poor man is not necessarily unhappy.

5. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

6. Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.

II. 把下列词语排列成正确的英语句子（有的不止一种排列顺序） 1. a fish, we, ate

2. gave, the book, Mary, to her father

3. for the money, Simon, newspapers, sells 4. found, the, they, boy, dead 5. the, the, boy, dog, loves, black

II. Lecture

根据动词的后面是否有宾语和补语，可以把句子分成五种，即构成英语简单句的五种基本句型。

句型一：主语+系动词+表语 句型二：主语+谓语

句型三：主语+谓语+宾语

句型四：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 句型五：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

Structure 1: S + V + C (subject + linking Verb + complement) 该句型的谓语动词是系动词。

1. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 2. Life is beautiful.

3. This matter rests a mystery. 4. He looks tired.

英语中的系动词有 五大类：

1.系动词be （is, am, are, was, were） * Learning English is important. * I am a Webaholic.

2.单纯表示主语的特征、状态的: feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear * The iron feels hot.

* The rose doesn’t smell much.

3.表示主语由一种状态转变为另外一种状态：become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come * The leaf will turn yellow in autumn. * The dream has come true.

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4.表示主语保持某种状态的：continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove * If you don’t stay busy, you die. * He held silent for the whole day.

5.近似于不及物动词的系动词：sit, act, arrive, blush, marry, die, be born * Jane Austen died a spinster. * Lei Feng died young. * All the audience sat silent.

Structure 2: S + V (subject + Intransitive Verb)

S + V + A (subject + Intransitive verb + adverbial )

该句型的谓语动词是不及物动词。 1. Iron rusts.

2. Man proposes; God disposes. 3. He works hard.

4. Great minds think alike.

Structure 3: S + V + O (subject + transitive verb + object)

S +V +O +A (subject + transitive verb + object + adverbial)

该句型的谓语动词是及物动词。 1. Beauty will buy no beef. 2. I want to go home now.

3. I’ve finished reading the book. 4. I’ll pick you up this evening.

Structure 4: S + V + O + O

(subject + dative verb +indirect object + direct object) 该句型的谓语动词是双宾动词。

1. Chatting online will bring you a lot of fun. 2. He lent me ten yuan. 3. I will buy you a meal. 4. I gave him my book.

双宾动词分为以下几种类型：

1. “give” group: 1) give + indirect object + direct object (give sb. Sth.) 2) give + direct object + to + indirect object (give sth. to sb.) 这类动词包括：assign, award, bring, deliver, deny, feed, grant, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, post, read, recommend, sell, send, show, take, write等。

e.g. I will bring you the book. I will bring the book to you.

2. “buy” group: 1) buy + indirect object + direct object 2) buy + direct object + for + indirect object

这类动词包括：book, buy, build, change, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, make, order, prepare, sing等。

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e.g. I will buy you a gift. I will buy a gift for you.

3. Group 3: always S+V+IO+DO 这类动词包括：charge, cost, bet等。 e.g. The restaurant charged us £40 for the wine. A full day's activities will cost you £45. He bet me £10 that I wouldn't do it.

4. ask ---- “of” e.g.

Can I ask you a question? Can I ask a question of you?

Structure 5: S + V + O +OC

(subject + factitive verb + object + object complement) 该句型中的谓语动词是宾补动词。

常见的宾补动词有： appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, feel, find, imagine, keep, leave, let, make, name, nominate, prove, see, suppose, vote 等等。 e.g. They elected John chairman. You can leave the door open.

The directors appointed him sales manager.

Noun Clauses

Lead-in questions:

1.什么是名词: 表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。 2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分? e.g. The boy is li Ming. 主语 表语

Mr. Liang , a 24-year-old boy, teaches us English . 主语 同位语 宾语 结论：名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。 3. 什么是名词性从句?

在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。

主语从句 ( The Subject Clause)

宾语从句 ( The Object Clause) 名词性从句

表语从句 ( The Predicative Clause)

同位语从句 ( The Appositive Clause)

In-class Ex. 2: 请判断出下列的句子哪部分是从句, 并判断属于哪种从句:

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1. What I want to do is taking a bath. (主从)

2. The news that they won the game spread the whole school. (同位语从句) 3. I don’t think (that) he is an honest boy. (宾从) 4. The fact is that he stole the car. (表从)

5. Do you know the fact that he stole the car? (同位语从句) 6. It is said that they won the game (主从)

4. 阅读下列句子，总结出能够引导名词性从句的连词有哪些？

1. I really feel that he needs more experience. 2. I want to know whether/if she still lives here. 3. What she said is not true.

4. Who broke the window has not been found out. 5. He asked whose handwriting is the best in our class. 6. That is why she left home yesterday.

7. Have you heard the news that Mary will be back soon? 8. I will give it to whoever needs it.

9. It is unwise to give your child whatever he wants.

10. I’ve just bought five new books; you can take whichever book you like.

结论：that; whether(…or not/ 主语，表语，同位语）/ if

who; whom; whose what; which

when; where; why; how

whatever; whichever; whoever

一、主语从句：在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。 Examples:

• • •

That they are still alive is a consolation.

That he has been late for work over and over again is a serious matter. Whether we shall have the match remains uncertain.

连接词： what, who, whom, whose, which , whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whosever，when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however，whether

In-class Ex.3 选择适当的连接词填空

1. _______ she said puzzled him.

2. _______ she said such a thing puzzled him.

3. _____________ we should send to take part in the party is to be discussed. 4. _______ they don’t want to drop the plan is clear.

5. _______ he finished the work in so short time remains a question. 6. ________ it is going to snow this evening is not certain.

Keys:

1. what 2. why 3. who/whom 4. that 5. how 6. whether

用it 引导形式主语的句子：It is … that …

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It seems (appears, turns out, comes about …) that …

That he can’t attend the party is a pity.

 It is a pity that he can’t attend the party. • How much money is needed is hard to say.

It is hard to say how much money is needed.

• That the moon moves around the earth is known to all.

 It is known to all that the moon moves around the earth.

In-class Ex. 4: 选择适当的连接词填空

1. It is a wonder _____ you weren't injured.

2. It is still unknown ______ and ______ this took place. 3. It makes no difference to me _________ he is rich or poor. 4. It is not yet decided _______ is to take her place as secretary. 5. It is said ______ this plaza has 15 cinemas.

6. It doesn't matter _______ you are going to do it.

Keys:

1. that 2. when and where 3. whether 4. who 5. that 6. whether

二、宾语从句：在句中充当及物动词, 介词宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。

• She said (that) she is going to learn English. • I want to know whether/if she still lives there. • I don’t know who all these people are. • She wants to know which film I like best. •

注意1：that在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常常被省去。但如果从句是并列句时,第二个及以后的分句前that不可省.

• I don’t know （that） you will come here. • We all agreed (that) it would be a mistake not to take his advise.

• We all think (that) she is working hard and that she will surely go to a good college.

注意2：在宾语从句中，表示“是否”既可以用whether,也可以用if.但是，whether常与or not连用；作介词宾语只用whether; 从句是否定句时一般用if。  I don’t know whether/if he will come.

 I want to know whether he will come or not.  Are you talking about whether he will come?  He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.

In-class Ex.5 用适当的连接词完成句子

1. Wang Hai told me _____ he didn't go cycling yesterday afternoon.（how, why） 2. Can you tell me ______ else is going to be on duty today?（who, whom） 3. She said _____ it wouldn't matter much.（that, if） 4. He always thinks ______ he can do better.（how, who）

5. I really don't know ________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon） 6. They don't know __________ we are going hiking.

7. She wanted to know ___________ her coat would be ready the next day. 8. I was really surprised at ______ I saw.

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9. I don't know ______ so many people crowding round him 10. Do you know _________ shirt it is?

Keys: 1. why 2. who 3. that 4. how 5. how soon

6. if/whether 7. if/whether 8. what 9. why 10. whose

注意3：宾语从句中的否定转移--如果宾语从句是由think, believe, imagine, suppose等词引导的时候，要将从句中的否定形式转移到主句中去。

For example: translate the sentence into English 我认为他不会来这里.

I think he won’t come here. ( ) I don’t think he will come here. ( √ )

More examples:

I don’t think he will lie to me. 我认为他不会对我撒谎的.

I don’t think we should lend him money. 我认为我们不应该借钱给他.

注意4：如果主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，一般用it来作形式宾语，把从句放在宾补后面。that不能省。常用的动词有believe, consider, feel, find, make, think e.g.

• We think it our duty that we should help others.

• I find it impossible that he should finish the work in two days.

In-class Ex. 6:句型转换

1. When does the train arrive? Please tell me.（改为宾语从句） → Please tell me ________ _________ ________ _________. 2. What does he do? Do you know? （改为宾语从句）→ Do you know _______ he _______?

3. Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys. （改为宾语从句） → He asked the boys ___________ they _______ fried chicken.

4. Was the watch made in Shanghai? I don't know. （改为宾语从句）→ I don't know __________ the watch _______ made in Shanghai.

5. “Do you want to try something new?” Tom's mother asked him. （同义句）→ Tom's mother asked him ___________ _______ _______ to try something new. 6. I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句） → I _______ ________ this ________ a good idea.

Keys:

1. Please tell me when the train arrives. 2. Do you know what he does?

3. He asked the boys if/whether they wanted fried chicken. 4. I don't know if/whether the watch was made in Shanghai.

5. Tom's mother asked him if/whether he wanted to try something new. 6. I don’t think this is a good idea.

三、表语从句：在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be动词后面)叫做表语从句。

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Examples:

• • • • • •

My idea is that we should stick to our original plan. The point is whether you’d like to go with us. My question is where you have been. The point is when you will become rich. Our purpose is that he can realize his faults. The question is whether it is worth doing.

注意：1、引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。

2、表语从句表示“是否” 只用“whether” 而不用“if”

In-class Ex. 7: 翻译下列句子 1. 问题是谁能帮我学英语.

2. 这就是她不愿意出国留学的原因. 3. 那就是我要告诉你的.

4. 问题是他是否会同意这个建议. Keys:

1. The problem is who can help me with my English. 2. That is why she is unwilling to study abroad. 3. That is what I will tell you.

4. The problem is whether he will agree with the suggestion.

四、同位语从句：在句中用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。

1) 同位语从句一般放在如idea, news, fact, promise, suggestion, belief, truth等含有丰富内涵的抽象的词语后面，用来说明前面那个词的具体内容。

2) 一般说来，同位语从句都用that来作连接词，而且不能省略。也可用how, when, where等。 Examples :

• • • •

They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.

He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time.

We have no idea where he has gone.

He gave her a promise that he would come back after two months.

区分同位语从句与定语从句：

• The news that you heard is not true. 定

• The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theatre is true. 同 • The fact which you pointed out made me interested. 定

• The fact that there are no lives on the moon is known to us all. 同 结论：

1. 如果是定语从句，它的从句肯定是不完整的，关系词肯定在句中充当成分的；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。

2. 定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。

课后作业：

I. 判断下列句子属于何种句型并翻译成汉语。 1. Time flies by.

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2. It slipped my mind. 3. I can’t stand the heat. 4. Fools seldom differ. 5. I sent you an E-mail. 6. It cost me three dollars. 7. Old habits die hard. 8. You can leave the door open. 9. He speaks English well. 10. Teachers will make your English better.

11. They elected George W. Bush US President. 12. The novel won the author a Nobel Prize. 13. That will save you a lot of time. 14. They found the dead boy. 15. They found the boy dead. 16. I found the book easily. 17. I found the book easy. 18. Tom found Jim an apartment. 19. We found John a loyal friend. 20. I will find you a good teacher. 21. I find you a good teacher. 22. She will make him a good wife. 23. She will make him a good husband.

II. 单项选择填空

1.The question is ____the film is worth seeing.

A. if B. what C. whether D. how 2.They received orders _____ the work be done at once. A .which B. when C. / D .that 3.The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.

A .why; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that; because 4. ___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind. A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because 5. ____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if 6. It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm. A. which B. where C. what D. that 7. I have the information ____.

A. of what he’ll come soon B. that he’ll come soon C. of that he’ll come soon D. his coming soon 8. --- I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball. --- ____ it made me nearly mad.

A. That he broke B. What he broke C. He broke D. His break 9.It remains a question ____ we can get so much money in such a short time. A. how B. that C. when D. what 10.--- Can I help you?

--- Yes, do you know ____?

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A. when comes the bus B. when will come the bus C. when does the bus come D. when the bus comes

11. He made a promise ___ anyone set him free he would make him very rich. A. that B. if C. what D. that if

12. They lost their way in the forest and ____ made matters worse was ___ night began to fall. A. what; that B. it; that C. what; when D. which; what

Keys： I. 答案略

II. 1~5 CDCAB 6~10 DBAAD 11~12 DA

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