考研英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编23(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编23 (题后含答案及解析)

全部题型 2. Reading Comprehension

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

科学研究不应寻求绝对的普遍真理——2012年英译汉及详解Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.【F1】In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.【F2】Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.【F3】To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.【F4】The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits(particularly in word order)shared by many languages, which are considered torepresent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2, 000 languages.【F5】Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these

patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.

1． 【F1】

正确答案：物理学中，有一种方法将这种追求万物归一的冲动发挥到了极致，并且它探求一种万有理论——一个包括我们能看到的一切的生成性等式。

解析：本句考查的重点是：并列简单句和同位语。 句子主干结构是one approach takes…and seeks…。破折号后面的部分进一步解释了前面说到的理论，作theory of everything的同位语。①take…to extreme…把…发挥到极致，把…推至极限。②theoryof everything万有理论，或者也翻译成“适用于任何事物的理论”。③generative equation生成等式、生成方程。

2． 【F2】

正确答案：在这里，达尔文学说似乎做出了合理的解释，因为如果人类有着共同的起源，那么认为文化多样性也能追溯到更有限的起源似乎也是合理的了。

解析：本句考查的重点是：it作形式主语和宾语从句。 本句的主干是Darwinism seems to offer justification…。在主句中，to offer justification意为“为…提供证据，为…进行辩护”。在原因状语分句中，it为形式主语，可以不被译出。to suppose that…con—strained beginning是真正的主语，that引导的从句是宾语从句，作suppose的宾语。其中，be traced为被动语态。根据汉语表达中多使用主动语态的原则，翻译时需将被动语态转换为主动语态，并增译出“人们，大家”等泛指性主语。

3． 【F3】

正确答案：从共性中滤出个性，这或许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，并理解是什么从进化或认知的角度引导着它的走向。

解析：本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和不定式作主语。 这句话的翻译关键在于对三个“what”从句和一个“how”从句的理解。本题第一个是what引导的宾语从句，是filter out的宾语。第二个“what”从句是介词from的宾语，from是固定搭配中的介词短语filter out A from B。第三个“what”从句是understand的宾语，和how并列。句子主干整理出来就是：filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D。A指的是“what is contingent and unique”：B指的是“what is shared”；C指的是“how complex cultural behaviour arose”：D指的是“what guides it inevolutionary or cognitive terms”。

4． 【F4】

正确答案：由约书亚·格林伯格做出的第二次努力，采用更加实证的方法研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言共有的特征(尤其是语序方面)，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知局限导致的偏见。

解析：本句考查的重点是：现在分词作伴随状语和非性定语从句。 句子主干是the second…takes a more empirical approach…。现在分词短语identifying traits…cognitive constraints整个作takes的伴随状语。其中shared by many languages是traits的后置定语，修饰traits的还有一个which引导的非性定语从句，在该定语从句中又嵌套了一个由that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词biases。

5． 【F5】

正确答案：乔姆斯基的语法应该体现语言变化的模式，这些模式并不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影响，而格林伯格式的普遍性则预言了某些特别种类的词序关系类型之间存在极强的相互依赖关系。

解析：本句考查的重点是：术语词汇的翻译以及并列结构。 这句话的结构比较简单，难度在于其中大量的术语和陌生的词汇。这些词汇直译即可。本句结构为：Chomsky’s grammar should show…，whereas Greenbergian…①that引导的定语从句修饰patterns。②这里的“grammar”是指上文的“生成语法”，所以这里可以把“生成语法”直接翻译出来。③codependencies这个词需要根据上下词义加词根词缀来猜测出词义，co是表示“共、同”的词缀，因为下文指出是两者关系，所以可以翻译为“共存性”。

行为科学的建立——2002年英译汉及详解Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.【F1】One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.【F2】The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.【F3】The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.【F4】They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who

will use a technology and to what ends?【F5】Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

6． 【F1】

正确答案：难题之一在于几乎所有的所谓行为科学都依然是从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去探寻行为的根源。

解析：本句考查的重点是：表语从句。 句子的结构是：①主干结构是表语从句one difficulty is that…。②almost all of what is called behav一ioral science是表语从句中的主语部分，后面是简单的谓语和宾语结构。to trace behavior to译为“继续针对…研究行为”。

7． 【F2】

正确答案：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

解析：本句考查的重点是：原因状语从句。 句子的主干结构是：主句+两个并列关系的原因状语从句。the explanatory items译为“用以解释的要素(内容，项目)”；other kinds of explanations译为”其他解释方式”。

8． 【F3】

正确答案：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

解析：本句考查的重点是：介词短语结构。 句子的主干结构是两个表示时间对比的并列句：The role of…was formulated only…，and theselective role of…is only beginning to…。每一个句子的主语都比较长，都是名词+介词短语结构。

9． 【F4】

正确答案：自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

解析：本句考查的重点是：并列句和固定达配的译法。 句子的主干结构是两个并列句。They are the possessions of…and they’re essential to…。in which…是practices的定语从句。其中，be esential to意为“必要的，关键的”，be responsible for意为“…负责”：givecredit for意为“表扬，肯定”。

10． 【F5】

正确答案：如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之受到排斥。

解析：本句考查的重点是：复合状语从句的译法。 句子的结构是：①主干

结构是复合状语从句Until these issues are resolved，a technology…，andwith it…。②and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表达是the only way to solveour problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it．其中it指代前面主句的内容。a technology ofbehavior译为“研究行为的技术手段”；be rejected译为“被抛弃，被拒绝，被反对”；with it译为“随之，伴随着它”。

科学技术影响人类的未来生活——2001年英译汉及详解In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’ s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.【F1】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.【F2】Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1, 000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.【F3】Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says.【F4】But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.【F5】And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder— kitchen rage.

11． 【F1】

正确答案：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。当它们违规时，监控器就会使其停驶。

解析：本句考查的重点是：there be句型和定语从句。 句子的结构是：①主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows…，and cars…。②两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。③定语从句that will disable them修饰的先行词是pollution monitors，最后一个从句when they offend是定语从句中的状语从句。television chatshows hosted by robots译为“由机器人主持的电视谈话节目”；cars with pollution monitors译为“装有污染监控器的汽车”；disable them译为“使汽车失灵(停止运行)”when they offend中的they指“汽车排污”。

12． 【F2】

正确答案：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，内置个性化芯片的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在“气味电视机”前休闲，数字化时代由此到来。

解析：本句考查的重点是：介词短语作定语和被动语态。 句子的结构：①主干结构是几个并列的简单句：Children will play with dolls…，computers…willbe regarded as…，relaxation will be in front of…，and digital age will have arrived．②dolls带有过去分词短语equipped with personality chips作定语，computers的后置定语是介词短语with in—built personalities，personalities等于personality chips，宾语workmates rather than tools是并列结构，表示选择。dollsequipped with personality chips译为“装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃”；computers with in—built personalities译为“内置个性化芯片的计算机”；smell television译为“气味电视机”。

13． 【F3】

正确答案：皮尔森整合了世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，制作了一个独特的新技术千年历，这个千年历给出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破和发明出现的最迟日期。

解析：本句考查的重点是：不定式作状语和定语从句。 句子的结构是：①主句是简单句，to produce是结果状语。②calendar后面的that…是定语从句，修饰calendar。③后面的when引导的也是定语从句，不是时间状语。④to take place作前面名词的定语。a unique millennium technology calendar译为“一个独特的技术千年历”。

14． 【F4】

正确答案：但皮尔森指出，这仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它将是人机一体化漫长过程的开端，并最终会在下世纪末前带来完全电子化的仿真人。”

解析：本句考查的重点是：定语从句和插入结构。 句子的结构：①主干结构是that…，is only the start of…主系表结构。②beginning后面第一个of作beginning的定语，第二个of作process的定语，that will…引导定语从句，修饰integration。③Pearson pointsout插入语，翻译时放在句首。④在the long process of

integration结构中，integration前省略了定语man—machine，翻译时要补出。⑤lead to a fully electronic human动词和宾语之间意思省略，翻译时要加词。the start of man—machine integration译为“人机一体化的开始”：a fully electronic human译为“完全电子化的仿真人．完全的电子人”：before the end of the next century译为“在下世纪末之前”。

15． 【F5】

正确答案：此外，家用电器将高度智能化，对它们的控制和操作将引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

解析：本句考查的重点是：so that从句和非谓语。 句子可以拆分为三段：And home appliances will also become so smart／that controlling and operatingthem will result in the breakout／of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage．句子主干结构是：home appliances will also become so smart that…如此…以至于(从句)…。其中home applicances译为“家用电器”result in“导致，引发”。本句格外需要注意的是And的译法。根据上下文，And被译为“此外”最为恰当，但考生将其译为“并且”也不为错。

关于宇宙起源的科学发现——1998年英译汉及详解They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth.【F1】But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).【F2】The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait.【F3】Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.【F4】If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.【F5】Odd though it sounds,

cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

16． 【F1】

正确答案：但更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

解析：本句考查的重点是：定语从句，主语从句和状语从句。 该句是一个多重复合句，其结构可以分为两层。第一层是句子的主干it was the farthest，that引导定语从句，for引导原因状语从句。注意it在这里是具有指代意义的实义词，它指的是上句提到的距地球约150亿光年的巨大云系。第二层结构在for引导的原因状语从句中，what they，were seeing为主语从句，that existed 15 billion years ago为定语从句，修饰前面的the patterns and structures。

17． 【F2】

正确答案：巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20世纪20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。

解析：本句考查的重点是：被动语态和不定式作状语。 该句为简单句，其主干是The existence…was required for…to maintain…。该句是一个被动句，如果译成“被要求的”，则与汉语习惯不符，因此可以意译为“是不可缺少的”。for…to(do)…是不定式的复合结构，基本译法是“对于…做…(怎么样)”；不定式to maintain…cosmos做目的状语；first putforward…是过去分词作the Big Bang的修饰语，插在了不定式结构中，该修饰语不长，翻译时可以做前置定语。Big Bang此处含义可以参考前文的解释(the theory that…)，从而译成“大爆炸论”。

18． 【F3】

正确答案：天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些结构，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

解析：本句考查的重点是：现在分词短语作定语和句子成分的转化。 该句是由and连接并列谓语的简单句，其主干是Astrophysicists…are closing in on…and may report theirfindings，working with…and…instruments…是现在分词作后置定语，修饰主语astrophysicists，实际上是表示astrophysicists所用的研究工具，所以不一定要译成定语，可译为“用…”；at the South Pole修饰groundbased detectors。

19． 【F4】

正确答案：假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学理论的胜利，这种理论即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。

解析：本句考查重点是：同位语、习语的翻译。 该句是主从复合句，主干是：If…，that will be a triumph…，a refinement…。as expected是一种习惯用法，

意为“正如预料的那样”。idea后的成分是它的同位语，同位语可以用中文的“即、也就是”等词翻译，需要时可以把idea，这个词重复翻译一遍。这里由于同位语较长，可以单独处理成一个句子。called…theory为过去分词做the Big Bang的后置定语，可以译为前置定语，当然也可以成句。

20． 【F5】

正确答案：宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来貌似可信的推论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。

解析：本句考查的重点是：倒装句和被动语态。 这是一个由and连接的两个并列句。前一部分主干：cosmic inflation is a…consequence．其中Oddthough it sounds是倒装句，正常语序是Though it sounds odd，为让步状语从句。consequence由of somerespected ideas…修饰。后一部分主干是many astrophysicists have been convinced…that，是一个被动句，翻译中可以译为主动语态。此句中出现了两个it，均指cosmic inflation，按照汉语习惯，应避免过多使用相应的代词，而应将它们所替代的内容直接翻译出来或译成“这一论说”。