英语语法复习之动词的时态和语态

英语语法复习：动词时态和语态

时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具

备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的8种时态，弄清16种时态，同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。

一、动词时态考查要点简述 1.一般现在时

主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often,

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考点一：表示永恒的真理，客观存在，科学事实，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：

A.

will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 【答案】D

【解析】考查动词时态。题干是陈述一个客观真理，用一般现在时，选D。 考点二：表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。

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【典例】Next time you ____here，let’s have lunch together． A．will be B．are C．have been D．were 【答案】B

【解析】本题考查时态的用法。在时间、条件状语从句中，从句应用现在时表将来。next time引导的是一个表示将来的时间状语从句，应用一般现在时的形式；have lunch together是一个表示一般将来的事情。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

考点六：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。

The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2.现在进行时

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表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class.

The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble.

Marry is leaving on Friday. 3.现在完成时

表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years.

考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ?

【典例】—What is the price of petrol these days

—Oh, it ______ sharply since last month.

A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased

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T

his is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written. 4．一般过去时

表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：

考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。

be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot.

He has got used to getting up early.

考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时

表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. What were you doing at nine last night?

The radio was being repaired when you called me.

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6. 过去完成时

表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在―过去的过去‖，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. By the end of last term we had finished the book. They finished earlier than we had expected.

T

hat was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. It was 3 years since we had parted。

I

had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 7. 一般将来时

表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达种。 Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中： We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）

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考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

考点三：―祈使句 + and/or + 句子‖，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。

Use your head and you will find a way.

考点四：―am (is, are) going to + 动词原形‖，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。 ―am (is, are) about to + 动词原形‖表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 ―am (is, are) to + 动词原形‖表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。 They are to be married in this May. 8. 将来进行时

表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 【典例】At this time tomorrow _____ over the Atlantic.

A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly

考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

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【典例】By the time you arrive in London, we ______ in Europe for two weeks. A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying

考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。 The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 【注意】

1.一般现在时代替一般将来时

When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 2. 一般现在时代替一般过去时 （） \"书上说\"，\"报纸上说\"等。例如：

The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 （） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：

Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的正在向前挺进，大战开始了。

3.一般现在时代替现在完成时

（）有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：

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I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。 （）用句型 \" It is … since…\"代替\"It has been … since …\"。例如：

It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。

（）表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如： Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。

（）渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如： He is dying. 他要死了。 6.时态与常用时间状语的搭配:

一般现在时： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等。

一般过去时：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等。 一般将来时： next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等。

现在完成时： for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the few past years, always, recently lately等。

过去完成时：before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等。

过去进行时：this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等。

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将来进行时：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening。 二、被动语态考查要点简述

考点一：使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。 1. 主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。

My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.

An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday. I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.

2. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。 The boss made him work all day long.

He was made to work all day long(by the boss) 3. 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉―尾巴‖。

The children were taken good care of (by her).

Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.

4. 情态动词和be going to，be to，be sure to，used to，have to，had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。

5. 当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如： People say he is a smart boy. =It is said that he is a smart boy. =He is said to be a smart boy.

People know paper was made in China first.

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= It is known that paper was made in China first. = Paper was known to be made in China first.

类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that … 考点二：不能用被动语态的几种情况。

4.

表示―希望、意图‖的动词，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。 5. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 6. 宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。

7. 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell，write，wash，open，lock等(此,句中常会有一些表示性质或动作特征的副词.如:well,badly,easily,hard,difficultly等)。 考点三：主动形式表被动意义。

T

he fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。

2. 当break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等动词表示―发生、关闭、制定‖等意思时。

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The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off.

3. want, require, need, demand, request后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。 4. be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。

5. 在―be + 形容词 + to do‖中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink. The girl isn’t easy to get along with.

另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。 考点四：被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。 1.be seated坐着

He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。 2.be hidden躲藏

He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。 3. be lost迷路 4. be drunk喝醉

5. be dressed (in sth)穿着…

The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 考点五：被动语态与系表结构的区别

被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如： The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态) The book is well sold.(系表结构)

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①

如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. ② 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作明显发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. ③ 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. ④ 如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.

⑤ 如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.

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s

ong. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab. （）宾补为-ing,-ed分词，改为被动后不变:如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.

（3）宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，改为被动后不变:如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning. 名校模拟试题汇编训练（10分钟） 1.【2012届江西省临川一中高三6月信息卷】25. —The new 3D film Titanic will be on at 7：30 pm．Shall I pick you up at 6：40 pm? —OK, I you at that time． A．was waiting for B．shall be waiting for

C．have been waiting for D．shall have waited for 【答案】B

【解析】考查动词时态。此处是将来完成时，表示到那个时候，我会等你。

2.【2012届安徽高考最后一卷】21. When the first e-book readers appeared in the late 1990s, technology experts a great future for the digital publishing industry. A. predicted B. established C. arranged D. imagined 【答案】 A

【解析】本题考查动词。在电子书刚问世时，对于其未来，科技人员应是做出预测，故A合句意，正确。

3.【2012届安徽高考最后一卷】26. The government has promised that more funds to provide better school bus services in rural regions.

A. will invest B. have invested C. will be invested D. have been invested

pr

omised可知后面所承诺的内容是将要努力去做到的事，故用一般将来时，C正确。 4.【2012届安徽高考最后一卷】28.—We’ll go to the party to be held in Anhui Grand Theater at 8 tonight. Could you join us?

—I’m afraid I can’t. I the holiday plan with my friends. A. am discussing B. have discussed C. will be discussing D. will have discussed 【答案】 C

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【解析】本题考查动词时态。题意―我们将参加于今晚八点在安徽大剧院举行的晚会。你愿意和我们一起去吗？——我恐怕不行。（那时）我将和我的朋友讨论假期计划‖。由上句中的―at 8 tonight‖可知下句应该用将来进行时。故选C。

5.【2012届安徽省六安一中高三第十次月考】24、Mr. White at our office three times in the last week, and each time he for you.

A．called; was B．called; has been C．has been calling; is D．has called; was 【答案】D

【解析】考查时态。第一空根据时间状语in the last week，用现在完成时态；第二空each time 表示过去一周里的每次，用一般过去时。 6.【2012届上海市高考适应性考试英语试卷】30. John is not a man to count on, and it is very likely that the work ____ by the time he arrives here. A. is finished B. has finished C. will finish D. will have been finished

7.

【2012届甘肃兰州一中三诊】15. – What do you feel about the concert held by Song Zuying in Bird’s Nest？

-- Sorry, I have no idea. I ______ it because I happened to be on the plane that night. A. missed B. had missed C. was missing D. would miss 【答案】A

【解析】考查动词时态。句意：你认为在鸟巢举行的音乐会怎么样？---对不起，我不知道。我错过的这场音乐会，因为我那天晚上碰巧在飞机上。 8.【2012届西安八校联考二】13．—Have you ever seen that movie? —Yes, when I was in London, I _____ it three times．

A．have seen B．would see C．saw D．had seen 【答案】C

【解析】考查动词时态。此处指过去我在伦敦时看过那部电影三遍，故用一般过去时。

9.【2012届河北省唐山市三模】27．—Roderick had an accident yesterday. —How come ?He very carefully. A．drove B．drives C．had driven D．has driven 【答案】B

【解析】考查动词时态。句意：---Roderick昨天出了车祸。---怎么会是那样？他一向开车很小心。

10.【2012届河北省唐山市三模】31．By the time I arrived at the hospital , his wound . A．had treated B．was treated C．treated D．had been treated 【答案】D

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【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：我到达医院的时候，他的的伤已经被处理。 11.【2012届江苏徐州市高考信息卷】22. Realizing that he _____late for school, Little Tom had none of the bread prepared by Mum and hurried out.

A. had been B. might have been C. was D. would be

1

2.【2012届江西临川一中冲刺卷】32. —I’m very sorry, but the manager isn’t here yet. —Oh, if I call again in an hour, do you think she _______ ? A、had arrived B、has arrived C、will arrive D、arrived 【答案】C

【解析】考查时态。由时间状语in an hour 可知，此处表示将来的动作，故用一般将来时。 13.【2012届福建漳州市四地七校第四次联考】26 ---Are you still busy?---Yes, I ____ my work, and it won’t take long.

A just finish B am just finishing C have just finished D am just going to finish. 【答案】B

【解析】考查动词时态。此处用进行时表将来时，句意：---你还在忙吗？---是的，我快完成工作了，它不会花费很长的时间了。

14.【2012届辽宁省大连市二模】31．—Guess what? I happened to have met Mark at the party last week．

—If my memory serves me correctly, you two ______ each other for almost ten years．

A．hadn't seen B．haven't seen C．didn't see D．don't see

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5.【2012届黑龙江哈三中三模】26. – When shall we set off? -- We _______ start off at five o’clock if it _______ raining by then.

A. will; has stopped B. are about to; stops C. are going to; will stop D. /; stops 【答案】A

【解析】考查动词时态。第一空表示将来时；第二空在条件状语从句中用现在完成时代替将来完成时。句意：如果那时雨已经停了，我们就在5点出发。

16.【2012届黑龙江哈三中三模】34. When she _______ the bill, she found her purse was nowhere.

A. would B. paid C. was to pay D. had paid 【答案】C

【解析】考查动词时态。此处was to do表示将来时，意为：要。句意：当她要付账的时候，她发现钱包不见了。 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页