语言学练习(三,四)

Chapter 3

Multiple choices (3*15=45’)

1. Which of the following words is not a free morpheme?

A. able B. pet C. change D. dusty

2. The term vaseline was originally created as a trade name for a product, but has become an ordinary English word. What is the technical term used to describe this process? _________. A. back formation B. conversion C. borrowing D. neologism

3. In the following examples, which does not fall into the category of allomorphs of English plural form? ________.

A. S’s B. classes C. spoonfuls D. suggests

4. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified into _________ words. A. lexical B. grammatical C. function D. form

5. There are ______ morphemes in the word internationalization.

A. three B. four C. five D. six 6. In English, -ally and –er are called ______. A. prefixes B. infixes C. affixes D. suffixes 7. The word UNESCO is called a(n) ______. A. clipped word B. acronym C. initial D. blended word 8. The following words are all created by abbreviation EXCEPT______.

A. prof B. bus C. flu D. edit 9. Which of the following statement is NOT true about inflectional affixes? ( ) A. They only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. B. They do not change the word class of the word that they attach to.

C. They are conditioned by non-semantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to. D. They are only suffixes, which are always word final. 10. The word ______ is not a compound. A. sunflower B. miniskirt C. morning glory D. moonwalk

11. A morpheme that must occur with at least one other morpheme to form a word is called a(n)______. A. free morpheme B. bound morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. stem 12. The word like sitcom and comsat are formed by______. A. blending B. clipping C. backformation D. acronymy 13. Which of the following is not a pre-determiner? ( ) A. three times B. all C. half D. that 14. In the word carelessness, careless is ______. A. a suffix B. a root C. a prefix D. a stem 15. The different forms of a morpheme are called ______. A. morphs B. free forms C. roots D. allomorphs

List all the functional words you can find in the following paragraph. All the forms of be are identified as

function words too. (15’)

16. In Britain the day after Christmas is called Boxing Day. This is a great day for sports, and many go out to watch football matches, etc. But most people stay at home and have a lazy day. Functional

words:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10’)

17. Actually the distinction between closed class words and open class words is clear-cut. ( ) 18. Not all monomorphemic words are free morphemes. ( ) 19. –’s is an inflectional affix indicating plurality of nouns. ( ) 20. Berry in words strawberry, blueberry is a free morpheme. ( )

21. As sentences consist of words and are often analyzed into words, a word can be said the smallest unit of language. ( )

22. Bound morphemes must be attached to free morphemes to form words. ( )

23. The allomorphs of a certain morpheme should be in complementary distribution. ( ) 24. Inflection is a particular way of word-formation. ( )

25. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the second element, while the second element receives a first stress. ( )

26. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base. ( )

Brief definitions (3*5=15’) 27. morpheme

28. allomorphs

29. compounding

Match-making (1*10=10’) 30 haircut 31 Kodak 32 smog 33 to skin 34 FBI 35 edit 36 worker 37 kung-fu 38 flu 39 NASA

A blending B initialism C compounding D neologism E derivation F clipping G conversion H acronymy I back formation J borrowing 30 ( ) 31 ( ) 32 ( ) 33 ( ) 34 ( ) 35 ( ) 36 ( ) 37 ( ) 38 ( ) 39 ( )

Exercises of Linguistics

Chapter 4

Multiple choices (3*15=45’)

1. ______ mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the

formation of sentences A. Phonetics B. Syntax C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 2. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 3. The clauses in a ______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence. A. simple B. complex C. subordinate D. coordinate 4. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences. A. meaning B. form C. position D. structure

5. TG [Transformational-Generative] Grammar studies the relationship between language and ______. A. society B. culture C. psychology D. acquisition 6. Which of the following item does not belong to the grammatical category? ( ) A. Subject B. Gender C. Complement D. Case 7. The head of the phrase in the city of Beijing is ______. A. city B. of C. Beijing D. in 8. Phrase structure rules have ______ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. functional D. social

9. The sentence They think that I am stupid, but you know that is not true is a ______ sentence. A. compound B. complex C. complex-compound D. simple 10. In the phrase structure rule S→NP VP, the arrow can be read as _______. A. has B. generates C. consists of D. is equal to 11. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about English phrases? ( ) A. A phrase may contain at most five components. B. Any phrase structure rule is open-ended.

C. Three kinds of lexical categories can be fit into the specifier position. D. Three kinds of elements can be fit into the complement position. 12. Which of the following are correct about specifiers? ( ) A. Specifiers have both semantic and syntactic roles.

B. A noun phrase may take two determiners as its specifiers as in my first impression. C. Some degree words can be determiners of both adjective phrases and verb phrases. D. In a noun phrase, there is necessarily one head, but not necessarily a specifier. 13. Which of the following are correct about complement? ( ) A. The information about complement is included in the head.

B. Subcategorization works for verb phrases, but not for adjective phrases.

C. Complements, however many there are, must occur to the right of the head in any language. D. Complements must be phrases following the head.

14. Which of the following is NOT correct about the relationship between deep structure and surface structure?

A. Deep structure is a blueprint on which basis surface structure is generated. B. Deep structure is related to surface structure by transformational rules. C. One deep structure may correspond to more than one surface structure.

D. Deep structure specifies the grammatical relations while surface structure the functions of the syntactic and phonological elements.

15. What can be said about Wh movement? ( ) A. Before wh movement, Do insertion must be involved. B. Wh movement involves head movement.

C. We must move wh-phrase to the nearest specifier position. D. Wh movement also applies to relative clauses. True or false (T for true and F for false) (1*5=5’)

16. A complete sentence is also a kind of phrase. ( )

17. Complementizers link matrix clauses and complement clauses. ( ) 18. A sentence must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. ( ) 19. There are only two genders in gender languages. ( ) 20. There are constraints on transformations. ( ) Brief definitions (6'+6'+5'=17') 21. phrase

22. CP

23. head movement

Figure drawing (18’)

According to what you have learnt, draw tree structures of the following three sentences to show how deep

structures are transformed into surface structures. (You may refer to figures on page 57 for help) 24. Will you come next Friday?

25. What did they bring to the party? 26. Who broke the window?

Essay Question (15’)

27. Explain and comment on the following sentences a and b. a. John is hard to please. b. John is eager to please.