英语语言学 #022 广东英语自考语言学复习资料。
相信很多自考的同学们都觉得英语语言学特别难，本人也考了无数遍最后才通过，所以总结了一套语言学复习资料以及一系列学习习题（大家都知道语言学习题特别难找哦）下面分享一小部分给大家。
如果你们感兴趣了解更多，和希望明年1月通过考试，可以加微信联系我哦~Coral-YK
Introduction
一． Linguistic is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
1. The study of language as a whole if often called general linguistic. （普通语言学）
2. The study of sound, which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.（语音学）
3. The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.（音位学）
4. The Study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology.（形态学）
5. The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentence is called syntax. （句法学）
6. The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）
7. The study of the meaning in context of use is call pragmatics. （语用学）
8. The study of language with reference to society is call socio-linguistic. （社会语言学）
9. The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistic.（心理语言学）
10. The study of applications (as the recovery of speed ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学）
二． Prescriptive & Descriptive.
1> Prescriptive: it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior to tell
people what they should say and what should not say.
Traditional grammar is prescriptive.
2> Descriptive: A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language
people actually use.
Modern linguistic is descriptive.
1. Synchronic & Diachronic （共时性和历史性）
1> Synchronic: The descriptive of a language at some point of time.
In modern linguistic, synchronic study is more important.
2> Diachronic: The descriptive of a language as it changes through time, is a
historical study.
2. Speech & Writing
1> Speed is prior to writing;
2> Even in today’s world there are still many language that can only be
spoken but not written;
3> Speed is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his
mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school;
Modern Linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary.
3. Langue & Parole (by Swiss linguist F.de Saussure) 语言和言语
1> Langue: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a
speech community.
2> Parole: Refer to the realization of langue in actual use.
4. Competence & Performance
1> Competence: As the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his
language.
2> Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic
communication.
三． Design feature of language.
1. Arbitrariness: This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
2. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.
Productivity is unique to human language.
3. Duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves, the sound of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which are found at the higher level of the system.
No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.
4. Displacement: Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places.
Language can be used to refer to contexts, removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
No animal communication system possesses this feature.
5. Cultural transmission: We were all born with the ability to acquired language, the details of any language system are not generically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.
In contrast, animal call systems are generically transmitted.
