英语精读3第一单元重点

adolesce﹣adolescent ﹣ adolescence/ adolescency

 adolesce: vi 在成长过程中; 在成熟; 行为如青少年 (used chiefly in AmE)  It is a young nation, still adolescing.这是一个仍在成长中的年轻国家。  adolescent n./v.

 The adolescent period is one's best time.青少年时期是一个人最美好的一段时光。  The audience were mostly adolescents.听众几乎都是年轻人。  adolescence = adolescency during/in ~ 在青春期

-hood

 forming nouns

 denoting a condition or quality表示“状态”，“特性”  denoting a collection or group表示“集合”，“集体”

childhood孩提时代，童年 babyhood infanthood boyhood  Girlhood womanhood likelihood brotherhood  a childhood friend 童年伙伴

 Her second son didn’t survive childhood. 她的第二个儿子夭折了。  second childhood 老年的衰退时期, 年迈昏愦 Is there any likelihood of a change in the weather? In all likelihood, he’ll be fit to play on Saturday. 他极可能恢复健康，参加星期六的比赛。 They broke up the brotherhood. blood brotherhood

Their group was called “the Brotherhood”. the United Brotherhood of Carpenters Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (P.R.B)

他们断绝了兄弟关系。 歃血为盟的兄弟间的情谊; 金兰之好 他们这群人称为“兄弟会”。 木工联合会 拉斐尔前派社(1848年成立于伦敦) affirm vs assert

 affirm肯定；断言，声明

 vt. 表示“宣称”某情况为事实，语气肯定，有不容怀疑之义。常用于表示“证实”某

一看法，或在别人提出疑问时加以“确认”。

 He affirmed the country's commitment to peace. 他声明该国对和平的承诺。  He affirmed his love for her. 他坚称他爱她。

 Despite all the policeman’s questions, the lady continued to affirm that she was innocent.  不管所提出的那些问题，该妇人仍坚称她是无辜的。  vi. 表示在法庭上不经宣誓而保证提供真实证词。

 The witness affirmed to the facts. 证人证明这些确是事实。

 He said that the Bible meant nothing to him, and that he chose to affirm rather than to swear. 他说， 圣经对他来说毫无意义，并说他不愿宣誓但宁愿不进行宣誓而提供实情。

affirm vs assert

 assert 表示“断言者”坚信自己是正确的，坚持要别人接受或承认自己的主张

或看法，语气相当强而肯定。

 The accused asserted that he was innocent. 被告坚称他没有罪。

 She asserted her ideas loudly and clearly. 她大声而明确地申明自己的看法。

 常含有在缺乏证据的情况下“声称”之义，有时甚至表示，在事实证明“声称”者的看

法是错误的时候，他还要坚持自己的看法。此时，assert含有贬义。  He had no real evidence—he simply asserted that what he said was true.  他没有确凿的证据——只是声称他说的是实话。

 You assert that you were not here, but ten people saw you. 你硬说自己并不在场，可有十个人看到你在场。

Baptist

★ Biblical authority 认识和肯定《圣经》的权威 ★ Autonomy of the local church 自主的地方教会

★ Priesthood of the believer 信徒皆祭司（信徒都是人人平等的） ★ Two ordinances - Believer's Baptism and Symbolic Communion 两种教会礼仪-信徒的浸礼与纪念性质的主餐

★ Individual soul liberty 人有上帝所赐的自由意志来选择他的信仰，但人也要对自己自由意 志的行使负责任

★ Separation of Church and State 政教分离

★ Two offices of the church - Pastor and Deacon 牧师和执事作为教会仆人的职份

endow

 He endowed a bed in a hospital. 他向医院捐赠了一张病床。  He endowed the Church with lands. 他向教会捐赠地产。

 He is endowed with both intelligence and good looks. 他天生才貌双全。  The islands are well endowed with ponds, lakes and streams.  这些岛屿上到处是自然形成的池塘、湖泊和溪流。

 Our great motherland is favorably endowed climately. 我们祖国的气候(真是)得天独厚。

inhibit

 inhibit wrong desires 抑制邪念- an inhibited person 不(愿)表露情感的人

Alcohol significantly inhibits the action of the drug. 酒精会极大地抑制这种药物发挥作用。  寒冷抑制植物生长。 Cold inhibits plant growth.

 A large service sector and a small manufacturing sector would tend to inhibit growth in the

economy. 服务业规模大而制造业规模小，往往会制约经济增长。 inhibit sb. from doing sth.禁止某人做某事

 The fear of dismissal inhibited employees from raising problems. 员工害怕遭到解雇，所以不敢说出困难。

inhibition

The children, at first shy, soon lost their inhibitions. 孩子们起初还有些拘束，但很快就放开了。  Try to overcome your inhibitions. 想法克服顾虑。

 They had no inhibitions about voicing their feelings. 对于说出自己的想法，他们并无顾忌。 There’s no inhibition on your freedom here 你在此地自由，不受。

peer (1) vi

look keenly or with difficulty at someone or something

凝视，盯着看，费力地看

 His pale blue eyes peered anxiously at Vic. 他淡蓝色的双眼焦虑地凝视着维克。  She was trying to peer over her shoulder. 她试图转过头来细看

     She peers into my eyes. 她盯着我的眼睛。

The sun was peering through the clouds. 太阳从云中隐约出现。 A face was peering down at him. 一张脸俯下来打量着他。 She peered out of the window. 她凝视窗外。

The two towers peer over the roofs. 越过房顶，这两座塔隐约可见。

peer (2) n.

be just visible 隐现，微现

unequalled; unrivalled

无与伦比的，无可匹敌的

 He is a goalkeeper without peer. 他是一个无与伦比的守门员。

Children often take up smoking because of peer pressure.小孩经常因为来自朋辈的压力而抽烟。  She was rejected by her peer group. 她不为同龄人所接纳。  The Act made it possible for a woman to be created a life peer.

 这项法案使女性有可能成为（英国爵位不能世袭的）终身贵族。

perceive

come to realize or understand

 His mouth fell open as he perceived the truth.当他认识到时，他吃惊得张大了嘴巴。  If Guy does not perceive himself as disabled, nobody else should.  如果盖伊不认为自己是残疾人，便没有人会如此认为。  She has perceived the danger.她已觉察到那危险了。  They perceived that they were unwelcome and left.  他们意识到他们是不受欢迎的, 于是就离开了。

 They perceived a stranger wandering in the garden.他们看到一个陌生人在花园里闲逛。 become aware of (something) by the use of one of the senses, esp. that of sight regard as

process v.

 vt.加工; 处理

 The factory processes leather. 这个厂加工皮革。

 How fast does the computer process the data? 这台计算机处理数据有多快?  The berries are processed into juice or sauce. 浆果进行加工成果汁或果酱。  highly processed foods 深加工的食品  vi. walk or march in procession列队行进

 The congregation processed into the church. 教徒们排着队走进教堂。

project v.

 vt.规划

 Can you project a new working scheme for us? 你能为我们设计一个新的工作计划吗?  He projected himself into the hero's situation. 他设想自己处于那个英雄的处境中。  抛; 投; 射

 I had no screen, so I projected the slides onto an old white sheet.  我没有幕布, 所以我把幻灯片投射到一块旧的白床单上。

 The one light projected shadows on the wall.那唯一的灯把影子投在墙上。

 vt. & vi. 伸出, 突出; 表达特点

 The upper storey projects over the street. 二楼伸出街面。  The wall is projected in the middle. 墙壁中部凸出。

 Nails that project from the wall may tear your clothes. 墙上伸出的钉子会划破你的衣服。 课文重点 occur to sb.

Pay attention to the difference between Chinese and English in expressing this idea: In Chinese, the subject is usually a personal pronoun, whereas in English, the anticipatory “it” is used.

It never occurred to me that wealth could ruin a person’s life. 我从来没想到财富能毁灭一个人的一生。

It suddenly occurred to him that he had not touched any meat for months. 他突然想到他又好几个月没有碰肉了。

Two other words that are often used in this pattern are “strike” and “dawn”, e.g. dawn (on sb):

gradually become clear to sb’s mind; become evident (to sb) It finally dawned (on me) that he had been lying. 最后（我）才弄明白他一直在撒谎。 The truth began to dawn on him. 他开始弄明白。

It gradually began to dawn on the economists that the problem was not overproduction, but under-consumption.

It suddenly dawned on us that high savings rate may not be a good thing. strike sb: occur to sb’s mind It struck her that although she was now rich by her own standards, she was not really happy. It suddenly struck me how we could improve the situation. Para 2

go through:

experience; undergo; suffer Other use of this phrasal verb:

He really believed that by saying those magic words he could go through walls without any trouble. I don’t think this plan will go through the Security Council. (be accepted by)

We have gone through all these arguments. (go over carefully from beginning to end) perceive

1) to think of as

He perceived himself a loser who could not even support his family. 2) to notice; to discover; to observe

Musicians can perceive very small differences in sounds. 3) to understand; to grasp

I gradually perceived that culture and language cannot really be separated. chance event

“Chance” here is an adjective, meaning “accidental”. This chance meeting with the famous writer changed his whole life. This medicine was a chance discovery. in turn: in succession

The candidates were summoned in turn to see the examiner.

The girls called out their names in turn. 逐一报出自己的名字 理论的基础是实践又反过来服务于实践。

Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice. by turn:

(of people or their actions) one after the other; in rotation (指人或人的动作)轮流地；逐个地 We did the work by turn. 轮流做 be dependent on Financially they are still dependent on their parents.

Promotion is dependent on/upon one’s record of success. be independent of / from These banks are now completely independent of / from each other.

If you have a car, you are independent from/of trains and buses. That’s an objective law independent from/of man’s will.

capability：n. the natural ability, skill, or power that makes you able to do sth.

He has the capabilities of solving/to solve practical problems. ability: the power to do sth. well acquired naturally or by learning

He has the ability to do the work, but he’s too lazy and won’t do it. capacity: ability to hold, contain, or learn

The book is within the reading capacity of young readers. faculty: a special ability

He has a faculty for painting.

freedom (free) from sth: no longer having sth you do not want The most important freedom our people should have is the freedom from hunger. An ideal society is one free from exploitation and oppression. Within a month, the whole building was free from flies and mosquitoes. freedom of sth

“We look forward to a world founded upon four essential freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression – everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worshiop God in his own way – everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want … everywhere in the world. The fourth is freesom from fear … anywhere in the world.” – Franklin D. Roosevelt

excessive: much more than reasonable or necessary ex- = out (of); cess = go → excess = going out of an excessive demand 过分的要求 excessive indulgence 极度放纵

in/with relation to: as regards; concerning

I have a lot to say in relation to that affair.

The project was outlined with relation to available funds. stand back

1) to stand to the rear

The child stood back at the sight of the ferocious dog.

2) to distance oneself mentally in order to understand or judge better

Sometimes an administrator must stand back from day-to-day business to grasp the wider pattern of events.

3) to withdraw or retreat from making discussions, influencing events, etc.

She ran the family and her husband stood back.

These were vital discussions from which he couldn’t afford to stand back. drag one’s feet: walk slowly

“To drag one’s feet” is often used figuratively to mean “to delay deliberately”, e.g. The local authorities are dragging their feet closing small coal mines.

I can understand why they’re dragging their feet over this reform. The reason is that it will affect their personal interests. narrow v. We must try to narrow the difference in income between the rich and the poor without delay.

The mighty river narrowed to a gorge of about 50 meters when it came to the place between the mountains.

model for sb: to serve as a model for sb; to set an example for sb

model oneself on/after: (AmE) to try to be or behave like (sb that one admires) Children often model themselves after their parents and teachers. Nowadays young people tend to model themselves after pop icons. rebel against: to oppose or fight against Sooner or later, a child will rebel against the tyrannical rule of his father. Young people tend to rebel against traditional practices. be equal to: be just as good as Many of our products are equal to the best in the world. see sth / sb in a … light: see sth / sb in a ... way What he did made us see him in a new light.

You’ll have to look at a man in a different light even if you haven’t seen him for just three days.

After I took that course, I began to see the world in a different light. in the light of: after considering (sth.)

He decided to make further improvements on the computer’s design in the light of the requirements of customers.

shed/throw a new light on: to make sth. clearer; provide new information These facts shed a new light on the matter. Recent research has shed new light on the causes of the disease. for certain: certainly; definitely; no doubt He is probably an accountant. I don’t know for certain.

I can’t say for certain how much this car will cost. It must be in the neighborhood of two hundred thousand.

Ss prepare a question for his/her partner which they think he/she may not know for certain. contribute to: help to cause sth to happen These measures contributed greatly to the economic recovery of that country. What do you think are the main factors that contributed to the success of that company? distribute v. to give things to a large number of people; spread sth. over an area

distribute pictures among children

attribute n. a quality or feature of sb./sth.

v. to say or believe that sth. is the result of a particular thing

Politeness is an attribute of a gentleman.