定语从句知识点讲解
一、定义
定语可以有形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当,也可以由一个句子来充当。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称形容词性从句。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。
二、先行词与关系词
1. 先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等称为先行词,有时先行词也可能是整个主句。 2. 关系词
引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。根据其在定语从句中的作用,关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
3. 先行词和关系词的关系
先行词通常是主句中的一个名词或代词,有时也可能是整个主句。关系词位于从句句首起连接主句与从句的作用,同时又代替先行词在从句中充当某种句子成分(一般是主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等)。
特别提示: 关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句,并代替先行词在定语从句中充当句子成分,因此从句中不能再重复出现相当于先行词的词。 例:This is the right book that you are looking for. 1 →This is the right book that you are looking for the book(.×,应去掉the
book)
→This is the right book that you are looking for it.(×,应去掉it)
三、关系词的用法
1. 关系代词的用法
关系代词主要有who、whom、that、which、whose,它们在定于从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,其主要用法如下表:
①关系代词 关系代词 who whom that which whose ①that 的用法
that指人或物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that之前,若提前需要用which或whom等词代替。
先行词 指人的词 指人的词 指人或物的词 指物的词 指人或物的词 在从句中充当的成分 主语、宾语 宾语 主语、宾语、表语 主语、宾语 定语 2
②which的用法
which一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语的关系代词which可以省略(紧跟在介词后除外)。
③whose的用法
whose可以指人,也可以指物,在定语从句中作定语。 ④who/whom的用法
二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中可作主语、宾语,whom在定语从句中作宾语。作宾语的关系代词who、whom可以省略(在介词后作宾语的关系代词除外)
注意:whom在从句中作介词的宾语,且介词提到whom前面时不能用who代替。
2. 关系副词的用法
②关系副词 关系代词 when = in which where = during which why = for which
四、定语从句中需要注意的事项:
先行词 在从句中充当的成分 day、year、time等表示时间的词 时间状语 place、Beijing等表示地点的词 表示原因的名词reason 地点状语 原因状语 3
1.先行词是单数时,从句的谓语动词用单数;先行词是复数时,从句的谓语动词用复数。
2.“one of+可数名词复数”作先行词,从句谓语动词用复数形式;“the only/very/right one of+可数名词复数”作主语时,从句谓语动词用单数形式。
3.关系代词that和which,that和who的用法解析 ①宜用that不用which的情况;
A. 当先行词是all、much、little、few等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。 B. 当先行词是be后面的表语或者关系代词本身在从句中作表语时。 C. 当主句以here、there开头时。
D. 当先行词有the only、the very、the last等词修饰时。 E. 当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被该类词修饰时。 F.
当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。
G. 当先行词既有指人的词又有指物的词时。 ②宜用which不用that的情况: A. 先行词本身就是that时。
B. 在定语从句中作介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词前时。 ⑤宜用who不用that的情况:
A. 先行词是指人的不定代词或指示代词时。
B. 当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中。 C. 两个定语从句中一个已用了that时。 D. there be 句式中若有定语从句宜用who。
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随堂小练:
找出先行词及关系词:
1. The boy who is sleeping is my nephew. 2. This is the book which my uncle gave me. 3. Don’t forget the book that I told you to bring.
4. Being blind is something that most people can’t imagine.
5. It’s bad for health to hurry to move into a house that has new furniture in it.
练习:
1. I love the school _______ I have studied in for three years.
A.where B.when C.that D.who 2. -What are you looking for?
-I’m looking for the watch ________ I bought yesterday.
A.which B.who C.whose D.when 3. -Look! That is the woman _______ I met yesterday. -Oh? She is my aunt.
A.what B.who C.where D.when 4. Please pass me the dictionary ______ cover is red.
A.which B.its C.what D.whose
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5. I still remember the college and the teachers _______ I visited in London years ago.
A.what B.who C.that D.which
6. Summer is the time of the years _______the days are long and the nights are short.
A. when B.that C. where D. which 7. It is one of the most beautiful pictures______I have ever seen.
A.that B.which C. which D.who 8. You can talk with anyone_______ you think is friendly.
A. that B. whom C. which D.who 9. He doesn't know that rule_________ everybody knows.
A. which B. who C. what D.whom
10. The novel _______was written by Qiong Yao is so moving that many girls like it.
A. who B. that C. when D. what
答案:CABDC AADAB
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