Directions: Choose the ONE that best completes each sentence from the four choices given below.
C 1．A good newspaper story must come right to the ________ and save the details for later. A) aim B) summit C) point D) purpose A 2. This article deals with the natural ________which is most interesting to everyone. A) phenomenon B) phenomena C) phenomenons D) phenomenas D 3. On no account _______ rudeness from his employees.
A) the manager will tolerate B) the manager will not tolerate C) the manager tolerates D) will the manager tolerate
C 4. The shop does not have any brown sugar in __________ at the moment, but it expects to have some tomorrow.
A) purchase B) sale C) stock D) trade C 5. We regret _______ you that you are to be dismissed next week.
A) to have informed B) informing C) to inform D) having informed A 6. The room is partly ________ with a few old bed stands.
A) furnished B) beautified C) decorated D) provided B 7. It is advisable that she __________ for Madrid as soon as possible. A) will leave B) may leave C) leaves D) leave A 8. They always give the vacant seats to _________ comes first.
A) whoever B) whomever C) who D) whom B 9. Children are very curious __________.
A) at heart B) by nature C) at birth D) from the beginning B 10. She was so _______ in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door. A) attracted B) absorbed C) drawn D) concentrated B 11. He _______ his job for a better position.
A) stopped B) quitted C) parted D) withdrew
A 12. I arrive at nine o’clock, teach until twelve thirty and then have a meal; that is my
morning ______.
A) routine B) regular C) order D) regulations
C 13. There is no reason to hold the belief ______ humans have no direct moral responsibility
to safeguard the welfare of animals.
A) which B) what C) that D) in which A 14. His manners are beyond ______, and I have never met anyone so polite.
A) reproach B) reproaching C) approach D) blame
D 15. The husband and wife were never in ________ or agreement about anything for ten
minutes together.
A) pity B) symphony C) sympathy D) harmony
A 16. School teachers have to have a great deal of ______ in order to deal with difficult
children.
A) tolerance B) standing C) bearing D) still
A 17. The new apartment built a few months ago is large enough to ___ over two hundred
people.
A) contain B) provide C) reside D) accommodate B 18. I think she hurt my feelings ______ rather than by accident as she claimed.
A) virtually B) deliberately C) literally D) appropriately C 19. Have you seen the glass walls with ______ fish behind?
A) huge tropical B) lovely huge tropical C) lovely tropical huge D) tropical lovely huge C 20. Shoes of this kind are __________ to slip on wet ground.
A) feasible B) appropriate C) apt D) fitting A 21. What he said is ______ to a true understanding of this book.
A) basic B) fundamental C) elementary D) primary
D 22. _______ by a strange loud noise downstairs, the two girls jumped from their bed and s
creamed.
A) Stunned B) Amazed C) Promoted D) Startled A 23. The falling inflating rate is _ to a decrease in the amount of borrowing. A) attributed B) referred C) subjected D) submitted B 24. Peter will _________ what his parents expect of him.
A) watch for B) live up to C) stand up to D) get along with C 25. You ought to have been told, _______ as old friend of the family. A) who are B) to be C) being D) since were D 26. Among her ___________ were sewing, cooking, plying the piano and dancing. A) obligation B) fulfillment C) assignment D) accomplishments B 27. The clothes a person wears express his ________ or social position. A) curiosity B) status C) determination D) significance A 28. It’s a pleasure for him to _____ his energy and even his life to research work. A) dedicate B) delicate C) decorate D) direct
C 29. _______ at the station _________ we met a man carrying a copy of The Time. A) It was … where B) It was … at which C) It was … that D) just … that
B 30. Each variety of melon has its ___________ flavor and texture.
B A) individually B) individual C) private D) personal
D 31. When I _____something, I’d like to make it clear by means of examples and drawing.
A) illustrate B) expound C) explicate D) interpret D 32. To pass the text, ____________.
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A) this book must be studied B) this book should be chosen C) this book can be studied D) we should study this book
A 33. I can’t thank you ______ much for you kindness, because without you help, I would not
have fished the work so quickly.
A) too B) very C) quite D) that A 34. A body weighs _______ from the surface of the Earth. A) less, the father it gets B) the father it gets, less C) less, the further it gets D) the further it gets, the less
B 35. You’ll find this instrument ______ great value ______making certain kinds of measurements.
A) of ….of B) of …in C) for…of D) of…to B 36. Their products are frequently overpriced and ____ in quality.
A)influential B)inferior C)superior D)subordinate B 37. After hearing the story, I felt ________ puzzled.
A) some what B) somewhat C) anyway D) somehow C38. The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that ____ lot.
A)valid B)vain C)vacant D)vague
B 39. We may have been looking at all these surveys and statistic upside down, maybe it’s just
______.
A) one way around B) the other way around C) another way around D) other way around
A 40. These people once had fame and fortune; now ____ is left to them is utter poverty.
A）all that B）all what C)all which D）that all A 41. Words have come from Mr. Green ______ she could arrive on the Sunday following. A) about which B) that C) whether D) of which
D 42. The residents ____ had been damaged by the fire were given help by the Red Cross.
A)all of their homes B)all their homes C)whose all homes D)all of whose homes
C 43. Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner ____ at the very moment of the crash. A）should have died B）must be dying C）must have died D）ought to die B 44. The energy ____ by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.
A）transferred B）released C）delivered D）conveyed C 45. ____ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.
A）To have reviewed B）Having reviewed C）Reviewing D）Being reviewed A 46. Many people like white color as it is a ____ of purity.
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A）symbol B）sign C）signal D）symptom C 47. During the process, great care has to be taken to protect the ____ silk from damage. A）sensitive B）tender C）delicate D)sensible
A 48. Although he has looked through all the reference materials on the subject, he still found
it hard to understand this point and her explanation only______ his confusion. A) added to B) added C) added up D) added up to
D 49. These tables below showing the ups and downs of the world economy in the 1980’s
were compiled ________careful observation and detailed studies.
A) at the bottom of B) in exchange for C) in the name of D) on the basis of C 50. The present ________ wasn’t really satisfactory to them.
A) attraction B) assassination C) arrangement D) inspection
B 51. Just as they must put aside their prejudices, _________we must be prepared to accept
their good faith.
A) thus B) so C) as D) like
C 52. Wherever there is matter, there is energy; all changes of matter _______changes in the
form of the energy.
A) retain B) include C) involve D) contain A 53. The falling inflation rate is ______ to a decrease in the amount of borrowing.
A) attributed B) referred C) subjected D) submitted
B 54. The Weather Bureau has repeatedly advised people to take every ______ against the
coming typhoon.
A) protection B) precaution C) prevention D) prediction D 55. I would never have ____ a court of law if I hadn't been so desperate.
A）sought for B)accounted for C）turned up D）resorted to A 56. The ring was _______ to her from her great grandmother.
A) handed down B) handed out C) handed around D) handed over B 57. The students are working hard for fear that they______ in the exams.
A) will fail B) should fail C) failed D) fails C58. Have you seen the glass walls with ______ fish behind?
A) huge tropical B) lovely tropical huge C) lovely huge tropical D) tropical lovely huge D 59. As a matter of fact, Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves ______ those of Kuwait.
A) come second following B) come second with C) is second only to D) are second only to
A 60. The fundamental ______which govern all physical process are also related to many
everyday occurrences.
A) principals B) principles C) rules D) regulations
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B 61. Despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain common
features ________ its own special character.
A) give it that B) that give it C) give that D) that gives it to C 62. Statistics show that only 27% of the paper we _______ is recycled.
A) resume B) presume C) consume D) assume B 63. There are several people, who are new comers, _______ to me in my company.
A) lower B) junior C) superior D) higher
C . The amount of money that the government spends on ______ has halved in the past
decade.
A) farewell B) advantage C) welfare D) wages D 65. The heat in the little room exposed all day to the glaring sun was _______.
A) intolerant B) intolerance C) tolerate D) intolerable
A66. The traditional approach _______ with complex problems is to break them down into
smaller, more easily managed problems.
A) to dealing B) in dealing C) dealing D) to deal C 67. He declined the invitation partly because he was busy and ______.
A) for lack of money B) partly because his lack of money C) partly because he lacked money D) partly his lack of money C 68. Susan ______ between Rotterdam and London for her new job.
A) commutes B) changes C) moves D)shuttles
A 69. ________Mansfield was sitting almost in the dark, reading some poems by a young and
unknown writer.
A) Only then did they notice that B) Only then they noticed that C) Only did they notice that D) Only when they noticed that
A 70. Small as it is, the ant is as much as a creature as _______ all other animals on earth.
A) are B) do C) is D) have D 71. In to his sister, he was always considerate in his treatment of others.
A) contrary
B) contract
C) contact
D) contrast
C 72. In the time of social reform, people’s state of mind tends to keep with the rapid
change of society. A) step A) out for
B) progress
C) pace
D) touch
B 73. We came in this field late, so we must work hard to make the lost time.
B) up for C) up with
D) off with
B 74. You will find this instrument ______ great value _______ making certain kinds of
measurements.
A) of … of B) of … in C) for … of D) of … to C 75. The director was critical the way we were doing the work.
A) at
B) in
C) of 4
D) with
D 76. Over a third of population was estimated to have no to the health service.
A) assessment
B) assignment C) exception
D) access
A 77. When I go out in the evening, I use the bike _______ the car if I can.
A) rather than B) regardless of C) in spite of D) other than B 78. In this university, student are available based on financial needs.
A) awards A) injured
B) loans
C) funds
D) rewards
B 79. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he himself.
B) injure C)had injured D)would injure
D 80. Don’t have him for a friend. He’s _______ a criminal.
A）anything but B）but for C）rather than D）nothing but
A . Tim waited a moment to himself that he was not being followed.
A)
assure
B)
ensure
C)
insure
D)
sure
D 81. Television programs may, , not be very interesting, but this is because they are
aimed at the average level of the audience.
A) A) A)
on occasion compose
B) B)
for example consist
C) C)
if yes contain
D)
in fact D)
comprise
B 82. The area does not entirely of rich people, despite popular belief. B 83. Joe is accustomed at six in the morning.
rising B) to be rising C) to rising D) to have risen
B 84. The history of life on earth has been a history of _______between living things and their
surrounding things.
A）interference B）interaction C）interview D）introduction A 85. Reading is a pleasant way to spend one’s _______.
A）leisure B）relaxation C）recreation D）relief A 86. The ring was to her from her great grandmother.
A) handed down B) handed out C) handed around D) handed over
B 87. Each of us might the concept of freedom in a slightly different way. A) devise
B) define
C) design
D) derive
D 88. Many scientists and engineers are judged how great their achievements are. A) in spite of B) A) go in for
in ways of C) in favor of B)
D) in terms of
C . We had to a lot of noise when the children were at home.
hold on to C) put up with D) keep pace with
B 90. The morning news says a school bus with a train at the junction and a group of
policemen was sent there immediately.
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A) bumped B) collided beginning.
A) climax B) summit A) kept in the bay C) kept in suspense A) get to road. A) popularity
B) density
C) intensity D) prosperity C) drawn
D) narrowed
D 95. The police have down their list of suspects after several days’ investigation.
A) reduced B) put regular_____. A) gaps
B) rate
C) length D) intervals C) soaring D) suspending C) shadowy
D) obscure
C 97. Grain production in the world is but still millions go hungry.
A) staggering A) gloomy different.
A）principle B）principal C）principles D）principals
A 100. Language has always been described as the mirror of society. Chinese is of no ______. A）exception B）explanation C）expectation D）excuse C 101. We regret to inform you that you ________ next week. A）are dismissed B）are dismissing C）are to be dismissed D）to be dismissing
C 102. We were ________ by the news that they were getting divorced; they got married just a
month ago and were considered such a perfect match.
A) relieved B）dismayed C）startled D）disillusioned A 103. This train ticket is ______ for five days.
A）valid B）valuable C）serviceable D）functional
B 104. The Weather Bureau has repeatedly advised people to take every ________ against the
coming typhoon.
A）protection B）precaution C）prevention D）prediction D 105. Mother insists that she ________ for Madrid as soon as possible.
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B) shrinking B) miserable
A 98. Despite the economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.
A 99. A bicycle or a motorcycle is built on the same , though the force that moves them is D 96. Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at
C) pitch
D) maximum
C 92. College officials were about the investigation for a whole month.
B) kept in the dark D) kept quiet
C) lead to
D) see to
C) crashed
D) struck
A 91. They believed that this was not the of their campaign for equality but merely the
B 93. I always what I have said.
B) hold to
B 94. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world—over 60 cars for every mile of
A）will leave B）may leave C）leaves D）leave
C 106. In the time of social reform, people’s state of mind _______ pace with the rapid
changes of society.
A）tends to keeping B）tend to keeping C）tends to keep D）tend to keep A 107. Every means ________ tried but without much result.
A）has been B）have been C）are D）is B 108. She never laughed, ________ lose her temper.
A）or she ever did B）nor did she C）or did she ever D）nor she ever did
B 109. Electrical energy _______ from the sun in a round-about way is the most widely used
energy.
A）to come B）coming C）come D）having come A 110. He always did well at school _________ having to do part-time jobs every now and
then.
A）in spite of B）regardless of C）on account of D）in case of
A 111. The little girl did not seem to be frightened of being left by herself in the house. A）in the least B）at least C）at the least D）in least D 112. It was very kind of you to do the washing-ups, but you _______ it. A）mustn’t have done B）wouldn’t have done C）mightn’t have done D）didn’t have to do D 113. — Is John coming by train?
— He should, but he _______ not. He likes driving his car.
A）must B）can C）need D）may
B 114. I advised her that in the presence of the princess, she should not say anything until
_______.
A）being asked B）asked C）to be asked D）having been asked C 115. ________ three times in a row, the boxer decided to give up fighting. A）Having defeated B）To have defeat C）Having been defeated D）To have been defeated C 116. ________ at the station ________ we met a man carrying a copy of The Times. A）It was …. where B）It was …. At which C）It was …. that D）Just … that
C 117. Many in the credit industry expect that credit cards will eventually ________paper
money for almost each purchase.
A）trade B）replace C）reduce D）exchange
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B 118. You’ll find this instrument ____ great value making certain kinds of
measurement.
A）of…of B）of…in C）of….to D）for… of B 119. I don’t think he will arrive here in time, _________?
A）do I B）will he C）won’t he D）don’t I Part II Reading Comprehension Passage 1
We all know that DNA has the ability to identify individuals, but because it is inherited, there are also regions of the DNA started which can relate an individual to his or her family (immediate and extended), tribal group and even an entire population. Molecular Genealogy (宗谱学) can use this unique identification provided by the genetic markers to link people together into family trees.
Pedigrees (家谱) based on such genetic markers can mean a breakthrough for family trees where information is incomplete or missing due to adoption, illegitimacy or lack of records. There are many communities and populations which have lost precious records due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American salves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.
The main objective of the Molecular Genealogy Research Group is to build a database containing over 100,000 DNA samples from individuals all over the world. These individuals will have provided a pedigree chart of at least four generations and a small blood sample. Once the database has enough samples to represent the world genetic make-up, it will eventually help in solving many issues regarding genealogies that could not be done by relying only on traditional written records. Theoretically, any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.
In the meantime, as the database is being created, Molecular Genealogy can verify possible or suspected relationships between individuals. “For example, if two men sharing the same last name believe that they are related, but no written record proves this relationship, we can verify this possibility by collecting a sample of DNA from both and looking for common markers, in this case we can look primarily at the Y chromosome (染色体)”，explains Ugo A. Perego, a member of the BYU Molecular Genealogy research team.
B 1. People in a large area may possess the same DNA thread because _______. A）DNA is characteristic of a region
B）They are beyond doubt of common ancestry C）DNA strand has the ability to identify individuals D）Their unique identification can be provided via DNA
C 2. The possible research of family trees is based on the fact that _________. A）genetics has achieved a breakthrough
B）genetic information contained in DNA can be revealed now
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C）each individual carries a unique record of who he is and how he is related to others D）we can use DNA to prove how distant an individual is to a family, a group or a
population
A 3. The Molecular Genealogy Research Group is building a database for the purpose of
_______.
A）offering assistance in working out genealogy-related problem B）solving many issues without relying on traditional written records C）providing a pedigree chart of at least four generations in the world D）confirming the assumption that all individuals are of the same origin B 4. If two men suspect for some reason that they have a common ancestor, _______. A）we can decide according to their family tree B）we can find the truth from their genetic markers C）we can compare the differences in their Y chromosome D）we can look for written records to prove their relationship C 5. Which of the following CANNOT be inferred from the passage? A）We are walking, living, breathing record of our ancestors B）Many American salves did not know who their ancestors were
C）An adopted child generally lacks enough information to prove his identity D）Molecular Genealogy can be used to prove relationship between individuals Passage 2
If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercises----and as a result, we are aging unnecessarily soon.
Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of aging could be slowed down.
With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect and emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.)
Contraction of front and side parts--as cells die off--was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and-seventy-year-olds.
Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age-using the head.
The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people
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in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar worker doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
Matsuzawa’s findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. “The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain,” he says, “Think hard and engage in conversation. Don’t rely on pocket calculator.
B 1. The purpose of Professor Taiju Matsuzawa’s research is _______.
A ) to find out which people are most intelligent
B ) to know something about the reason and process of ageing C ) to measure the size of certain people’s brains D ) to make people live longer
C 2. According to the author, what is the simple way to slow down the shrinking of the brain? A ) Taking some medicine. B) Taking more physical exercise. C) Using the head. D) Getting much more nutrition. B 3. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “remedy” in Para. 6?
A) Medicine. B) Treatment. C) Preparation D) Examination. A 4. . According to the passage, which people seem to age slower than the others?
A) Lawyers. B) Farmers. C) Clerks. D) Shop assistants. C 5. We can infer from the passage that ________.
A) the front section of the brain does not shrink B) using the brain can give the brain cells fresh oxygen C) farm worker’s brain has contracted more than bus driver’s D) nothing can be done to slow down the process of aging Passage 3
Surprisingly, no one knows how many children receive education in English hospitals, We know that more than 850,000 children go through hospital each year, and that every Little wonder the latest survey concludes that the extent and type of hospital teaching still less the content or quality of that education. Proper records are just not kept. child of school age has a legal right to continue to receive education while in hospital. available differ a great deal across the country. It is found that half of the hospitals in England which admit children have no teacher. A further quarter has only a part-time teacher. The special children’s hospitals in major cities do best; general hospitals on the country and holiday areas are worst off.
From this survey, one can estimate that fewer than one in five children have some contact with a hospital teacher and that contact may be as little as two hours a day. Most children interviewed were surprised to find a teacher in hospital at all. They had not been
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prepared for it by parents or their own school. It there was a teacher they were much more likely to read books and do math or number work; without a teacher they would only play games.
Reasons for hospital teaching range from preventing a child falling behind and maintaining the habit of school to keeping a child occupied, and the latter is often all the teacher can do. The position and influence of many teachers was summed up when parents referred to them as “the library lady” or just “the helper”.
Children tend to rely on intimate school friends to keep in touch with school work. Once Many short-stay child-patients catch up quickly. But schools do very little to ease the back at school, children rarely get extra teaching, and are told to catch up as best as they can. anxiety about falling behind expressed by many of the children interviewed. B 1. Which of the following statements is true? A) Every child in hospital receives some teaching? B) Not enough is known about hospital teaching. C) Hospital teaching is of poor quality. D) The special children’s hospitals are worst off.
D 2. It can be inferred from the latest survey that _________. A) hospital teaching across the country is similar B) each hospital has at least one part-time teacher C) all hospitals surveyed offer education to children D) only one-fourth of the hospital have full-time teacher C 3. The hospital teachers are found _________. A) not welcomed by the children and their parents
B) unnecessary C) not quite helpful D) capable
B 4. In order to catch up with their school work, children in hospital usually turn to _________.
A) hospital teachers B) schoolmates C) parents D) school teachers C 5. We can conclude from the passage that the author is ________. A) unfavorable towards children receiving education in hospitals B) in favor of the present state of teaching in hospitals C) unsatisfied with the present state of hospital teaching D) satisfied with the results of the latest survey Passage 4
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread over farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best
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means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nerbraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.
The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States. A 1. The major problems with America’s railroad system in the mid-19th century lay in ________.
A) poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems B) lack of financial support for development C) limited railroad lines
D) lack of transcontinental railroad
A 2. The building of the first transcontinental system _______. A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west. B) attracted many visitor to the construction sites C) attracted laborers from Europe
D) encouraged people to travel all over the country B 3. The best title for this passage would be _________. A) Settlements Spread Westward
B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link C) American Railroad History
D) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
D 4. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________. A) 9 years B) 7 years C) 4 years D) 3 years C 5. What mostly likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad? A) The possibility of government support for such a task. B) The need to explore Utah.
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C) The need to connect the east coast with the west. D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west. Passage 5
U.S. college students are increasingly burdened with credit card debt, according to a study released Tuesday, and the consequences can be serious—ranging from higher drop-out rates to future employment problems and even suicide.
Based on hundreds of face-to-face interviews and surveys with students, sociologist Robert Manning of Georgetown University concluded both the number with credit card debt and their indebtedness had been “systematically underreported” in previous studies which failed to reflect the “survival strategies” many used to cope with their debts. These included the use of federal student loans to pay off credit cards, effectively shifting the debt, appeals to parents for loans, cutting back on course work to increase time at paid jobs, or even dropping out altogether to work full time. “Official drop-out rates include growing numbers of students who are unable to cope with the stress of their debts and part-time jobs for servicing their credit cards.” the study said.
Even then, debts can haunt students. “Student credit card debts are increasingly scrutinized during the recruitment process and may be an important factor in evaluating prospective, employee.” It noted. And the stress can also manifest in far more tragic ways. Jane O’Donnell’s, 2-year-old son, a junior at the University of Oklahoma, committed O’Donnell and Manning agreed students should bear some responsibility for reckless use of credit, but said credit card companies also had to be held accountable for making it so easy for them to get into debt. Manning said one of the most disturbing aspects of the student credit card issue was “the seduction of college and university administrators by the credit card industry.” Card issuers were sponsoring school programs, funding activities and even entering into business partnerships with schools involving college-branded “affinity” card, he said, “As a result, rather than protecting the economic and educational interests of their students, college administrators are playing an active and often disingenuous role in promoting the prominence of credit cards in collegiate life.”
C 1. Which is NOT one of the strategies American students may use to deal with their credit
card debt?
A) Use federal student loans. B) Seek part-time jobs to get money. C) Promote the prominence of credit cards. D) Ask parents to help them pay the debt.
B 2. Which may NOT be the consequence of students’ credit card debt? A) High drop-out rates. B) Enter into business partnerships with schools. C) Commit suicide. D) Future employment problems.
A 3. Who should be criticized for negative consequences of students’ credit card debt
according to the passage?
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A) Parents. B) Students themselves. C) College and university administrators. D) Credit card issuers. A 4. The main idea of this passage is __________. A) negative consequences of students’ using credit card
B) college administrators are playing their proper roles in promoting credit cards C) card issuers or college administrators promoted credit card D) reasons for high drop-out rates in universities D 5. We can infer from the passage that _________. A) students should not have part-time jobs B) credit cards should not be used
C) if there is no credit card, college students may not commit suicide D) college students should learn to wisely manage their personal finances Passage 6
Traffic congestion and cities, it seems, go hand in hand. Everyone complains about being stuck in traffic; but, like the weather, no one seems to do anything about it. In particular, traffic engineers, transportation planners, and public officials responsible for metropolitan transportation systems are frequently criticized for failing to make a dent in congestion.
But is traffic congestion a sign of failure? Long queues at restaurants or theater box offices are seen as signs of success. Should transportation systems be viewed any differently? I think we should recognize that traffic congestion is an inevitable by-product of vibrant (充满活力的), successful cities, and view the “congestion problem” in a different light.
Cities exist because they promote social interactions and economic transactions. Traffic congestion occurs where lots of people pursue these ends simultaneously in limited spaces. Culturally and economically vibrant cities have the worst congestion problems, while decaying cities don’t have much traffic. By some estimate, New York and Los Angeles are America’s most congested cities. But if you want access to major brokerage houses, you will find them easier to reach in congested New York than in any other metropolitan area. And if your firm needs access to post-production film editors or satellite guidance engineers, you will reach them more quickly via the crowded freeways of LA than via less crowded roads elsewhere.
Despite congestion, a large number and wider variety of social interactions and economic transactions can be consummated in large, crowded cities than elsewhere. Seen in this light, congestion is an unfortunate consequence of prosperity and a drag on otherwise high levels of accessibility, not a cause of economic decline and urban decay. So while we can view congestion as imposing costs on metropolitan areas, the costs of inaccessibility in uncongested places are almost certainly greater.
The terrible economic and environmental tolls that congestion brings in places like Bangkok, Jakarta, and Lagos are undeniable. But mobility is far higher and congestion levels
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are far lower here in the US, even in our most crowded cities. That’s why, for now, we don’t see people and capital streaming out of San Francisco and Chicago, heading for cities like California, and Illinois.
B 1. We can conclude from the first paragraph that ________.
A) traffic congestion and weather are the two factors hindering the development of the big city
B) traffic congestion seems to be very difficult to deal with
C) if the traffic engineers try their best, traffic congestion can be solved D) public officials are always criticized for misusing their power
C 2. According to the second paragraph, what’s the author’s view towards traffic congestion? A) Traffic congestion is both a sign of failure and a sign of success. B) In cities, traffic congestion is inevitable.
C) Traffic congestion is a consequence of successful cities. D) For a vibrant city, traffic congestion is not unavoidable.
D 3. By saying “decaying” (Line 3, Para.3), the writer probably means _______. A) declining B) robust C) prosperous D) developing
C 4. According to this passage, which statement about “New York” and “Los Angeles” is TRUE?
A) New York and Los Angeles are the most vibrant cities in the USA.
B) It is easier to reach major brokerage houses in the two cities than in other cities.
C) Despite the traffic congestion in LA, you will find a satellite-guidance engineer more quickly there.
D) The traffic congestion in the two cities has been worsened. A 5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A) Congestion has caused terrible bad effects in cities such as Bangkok and Lagos. B) The congestion level in Jakarta is lower than that in the US.
C) The congestion in San Francisco has resulted in the capital draining away. D) California is as crowed and vibrant as San Francisco. Passage 7
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what
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intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Ahexperience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
D 1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to ________.
A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem B) identify a problem
C) bring together disparate facts D) stipulate clear goals
D 2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?
A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
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C) They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions. C 3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y
does not.
C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does
not.
D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem;
Manager X does not.
D 4. The text provides support for which of the following statements?
A) Managers who relay on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal discussion analysis.
B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
C) Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills. D) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently. B 5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text? A) An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given. B) A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced. C) The results of recent research are introduced and summarized. D) Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated. Passage 8
In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition(学会) of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for him.
Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness.
As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very
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important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality(道德). Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach(说教), their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’ principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.
D 1. What can be inferred from the first paragraph? A) Many parents want to see their children learn new skills. B) Every parent hurries his child to do everything beyond his ability. C) Some parents set up dangerous states of worry in the child. D) Few parents will make his lose interest in learning new things. C 2. In the process of children’s learning new skills parents .
A) should encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they read B) should not expect too much of them
C) should achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their own D) should create as many learning opportunities as possible B 3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A) Parents should teach their children to learn to use a toilet as early as possible.
B) Parental restrictions on their children are different, and not always enforced in the
interests of the children alone.
C) Parents should be strict with their children.
D) parents should preach more rather than set their children an example. D 4. The word “precept” (Para. 3) probably means “ ”.
A) idea B) punishment C) behavior D) instruction A 5. In moral matters, parents should . A) observe the rules themselves
B) be aware of the marked difference between adults and children C) forbid things which have no foundation in morality D) consistently ensure the security of their children Passage 9
Each summer, no matter how pressing my work schedule, I take off one day exclusively for my son. We call it dad-son day. This year our third stop was the amusement park, where he discovered that he was tall enough to ride one of the fastest roller coasters(过山车) in the world. We blasted through face-stretching turns and loops for ninety seconds. Then, as we stepped off the ride, he shrugged and, in a distressingly calm voice, remarked that it was not as exciting as other rides he’d been on. As I listened, I began to sense something seriously out of balance.
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Throughout the season, I noticed similar events all around me. Parents seemed hard pressed to find new thrills for indifferent kids. Surrounded by ever-greater stimulation, their young faces were looking disappointed and bored.
Facing their children’s complaints of “nothing to do”. Parents were shelling out large numbers of dollars for various forms of entertainment. In many cases the money seemed to do little more than buy transient relief from the terrible moans of their bored children. This set me pondering the obvious question: “How can it be so hard for kids to find something to do when there’s never been such a range of stimulating entertainment available to them?”
What really worries me is the intensity of the stimulation. I watch my little daughter’s face as she absorbs the powerful onslaught (冲击) arousing visuals and bloody special effects in movies.
Why do children immersed in this much excitement seem starved for more? That was, I realized, the point. I discovered during my own reckless adolescence that what creates excitement is not going fast, but going faster. Thrills have less to do with speed than changes in speed.
I’m concerned about the cumulative effect of years at these levels of feverish activity. It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apathetic (麻木的) and burned out, with a “been there, done that” air of indifference toward much of life. As increasing numbers of friends’ children are prescribed medications ----- stimulants to deal with inattentiveness at school or anti-depressants to help with the loss of interest and joy in their live ---- I question the role of kids’ boredom in some of the diagnoses.
My own work is focused on the chemical imbalances and biological factors related to behavioral and emotional disorders. These are complex problems. Yet I’ve been reflecting more and more on how the pace of life and the intensity of stimulation may be contributing to the rising rates of psychiatric problems among children and adolescents in our society. A 1. The author felt surprised in the amusement park at the face that________ A) his son was not as thrilled by the roller coaster ride as expected B) his son blasted through the turns and loops with his face stretched C) his son appeared distressed but calm while riding the roller coaster D) his son could keep his balance so well on the fast-moving roller coaster D 2. According to the author, children are bored _________. A) unless their parents can find new thrills for them B) when they don’t have any access to stimulating fun games C) when they are left alone at weekends by their working parents D) even if they are exposed to more and more kinds of entertainment
C 3. From his own experience, the author came to the conclusion that children seem to expect ________.
A) a much wider variety of sports facilities
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B) activities that require sophisticated C) ever-changing thrilling forms of recreation D) physical exercises that are more challenging
C 4. In Para. 6, the author expresses his doubt about the effectiveness of trying to change children indifference toward much of life by ________. A) diverting their interest from electronic visual games B) prescribing medications for their temporary relief C) creating more stimulating activities for them D) spending more money on their entertainment
A 5. In order to alleviate children’s boredom, the author would probably suggest ____. A) adjusting the pace of life and intensity of stimulation B) promoting the practice of dad-son days C) consulting a specialist in child psychology
D) balancing school work with extracurricular activities Passage 10
Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a long period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.
For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to perspective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students will find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.
B 1. Normally a student would at least attend _____ classes each week.
A) 36 B) 12 C) 20 D) 15
B 2. According to the first paragraph, an American student is allowed _____.
A) To live in a different university
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B) To take a particular course in a different university C) To live at home and drive to class
D) To get two degrees from two different universities
A 3. American university student are usually under pressure of work because _____.
A) their academic performance will affect their future careers B) they are heavily involved in student affairs C) they have to run for positions of authority D) they have to attend many classes
C 4. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in students organizations probably because
_____.
A) they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study B) they will then be able to stay longer in the university C) such positions help them get better jobs D) such positions are usually well paid
B 5. The student organizations seem to be effective in _____.
A) dealing with the academic affairs of the university B) ensuring the students observe university regulations
C) evaluating students’ performance by bring them before a court D) keeping up the students’ enthusiasm for social activity Passage 11
“Keep an eye on Esther. I'll be back in a second,” Joy Warren said to her three-year-old son Stephen, who was sitting in the back of the Buick. She didn't like leaving the children alone in the car, but the baby was sleeping soundly. And it would only be a moment.
She had hardly walked 40 yards when she saw the car moving. It headed straight towards the river. Unable to swim, Joy shouted, “My babies are in that car!”
Daniel Whitehead, a 17-year-old student, was walking by the river when the Buick crashed into the water just yards ahead. Without thinking, Daniel jumped in. Though a competitive swimmer, he was shocked by the icy chill（寒冷）.
Two minutes earlier. Skip Womack had pulled to a halt as the Buick ran in front of him. Now seeing it hit the water and hearing Joy’s cries. Skip got out of his truck and jumped into the water. He had only one thought: If I don’t get them out, they’ll drown（淹死）.
Daniel reached the car and grabbed a door handle. But the water was only four inches beneath the window, and the door wouldn't open. With one powerful punch, Daniel and Skip broke a window. Daniel reached inside and lifted Stephen out. He placed him on his back and set out for shore. At the same time. Skip squeezed himself through the window. He managed to free Esther from beneath her seat belt. After he got out of the car with the baby, he held her over the water and swam toward the shore. All this took place just seconds before the Buick
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disappeared beneath the water.
Later, driving home, Skip thought of his wife and children ---- how close he’d come to leaving them behind. He thought of the miracle he’d lived through, and how two children were still alive because he and Daniel happened to be in the right place at the right time. D 1. Why did Joy leave her children in the car ?
A) Because shopping with a child in hand was not allowed in stores. B) Because it was icy cold outside.
C) Because Stephen was big enough to take care of his sister. D) Because she did not like waking up her baby. D 2. What can be inferred from the passage ?
A) Daniel and Skip had been good friends.
B) Daniel and Skip were two close friends of Joy Warren's. C) Daniel and Skip were Joy Warren's neighbors. D) Daniel and Skip were strangers before the accident. C 3. Daniel got Stephen out of danger . A) by squeezing into the car and carrying him out B) by holding him over the water and swam back to shore C) by pulling him out through the broken window D) by freeing him from his seatbelt before he got him out D 4. What happened to Joy Warren's Buick?
A) It had four inches of water in it. B) One of its windows could not be opened. C) It was pulled out of water and set on the shore. D) It sank to the bottom of the river. A 5. How did Skip feel on his way home?
A) He felt lucky to be still alive after having saved the lives of two kids. B) He missed his wife and children, whom he had left behind in the morning. C) He felt very thankful to Daniel, without whom he would not have made it. D) He wondered how he and Daniel could be in the right place at the right time. Passage 12
If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of
22
clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
Changing fashions is nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; necklines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
C 1. Designers and big stores always make money _________. A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions C) by constantly changing the fashions in women’s clothing
D) because they attach great importance to the quality of women’s clothing
B 2. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as ______. A) a waste of money B) a waste of time C) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity
C 3. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ______ of clothing.
A) cost B) appearance C) comfort D) suitability A 4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women. B) The constant changes in women’s clothing reflect their strength of character. C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women. D 5. By saying “the conclusions to be drawn are obvious” in Para.4, the writer means that _____.
A) women’s inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
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C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers D) men are more stable and reliable in characters Passage 13
So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that “reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible.”
Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also public activity. It can be seen and observed.
Learning to read involves all that each individual does not make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny. If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easily, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”
When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading. D 1. The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that _______. A) it is one of the most difficult school courses B) students spend endless hours in reading C) reading tasks are assigned with little guidance D)too much time is spent in teaching of reading B 2. The teaching of reading will be successful if ________. A) teachers can improve conditions at school for the students B) teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading C) teachers can devise the most efficient system for reading D) teachers can make their teaching activities observably B 3. The word “security” (Para.3) most probably means ________.
A) inquiry B) observation C) control D) suspicion
A 4. According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when _______.
A) children become highly motivated
B) teacher and learner roles are interchangeable
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C) teaching helps children in the search for knowledge D) reading enriches children’s experience C 5. The main idea of the passage is that ________.
A) teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read B) teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible C) reading ability is something acquired rather than taught D) reading is more complicated than generally believed Passage 14
On Thursday afternoon Mrs. Clarke, dressed for going out, took her handbag with her money and her key in it, pulled the door behind her to lock it and went to the Over 60s Club. She always went there on Thursdays. It was a nice outing for an old woman who lived alone.
At six o’clock she came home, let herself in and at once smelt cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke in her house? How? Had someone got in? She checked the back door and the windows. All were locked or fastened, as usual. There was no sign of forced entry.
Over a cup of tea she wondered whether someone might have a key that fitted her front door-“a master key” perhaps. So she stayed at home the following Thursday. Nothing happened. Was anyone watching her movements? On the Thursday after that she went out at her usual time, dressed as usual, but she didn’t go to the club. Instead she took a short cut home again, letting herself in through her garden and the back door. She settled down to wait.
It was just after four o’clock when the front door bell rang. Mrs. Clarke was making a cup of tea at the time. The bell rang again, and then she heard her letter-box being pushed open. With the kettle of boiling water in her hand, she moved quietly towards the front door. A long piece of wire appeared through the letter-box, and then a hand. The wire turned and caught around the knob on the doorlock. Mrs. Clarke raised the kettle and poured the water over the hand. There was a shout outside, and the skin seemed to drop off the fingers like a glove. The wire fell to the floor, the hand was pulled back, and Mrs. Clarke heard the sound of running feet.
C 1. Mrs. Clarke looked forward to Thursday because ________.
A) she worked at a club on Thursday B) she had visitors on Thursday C) she visited a club on Thursday D) a special visitor came on Thursday A 2. If someone had made a force entry ________.
A) Mrs. Clarke would have found a broken door or window B) he or she was still in the house
C) things would have been thrown about D) he or she would have needed a master key
D 3. On the third Thursday Mrs. Clarke went out _______.
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A) because she didn’t want to miss the club again B) to see if the thief was hanging about outside C) to the club but then changed her mind D) in an attempt to trick the thief
B 4. The lock on letter-box was one which _______. A) needed a piece of wire to open it
B) could be opened from outside without a key C) couldn’t be opened without a key D) used a knob instead of a key D 5. The wire fell to the floor ________.
A) because Mrs. Clarke refused to open the door B) when the man’s glove dropped off C) because it was too hot to hold
D) because the man just wanted to get away Passage 15
There have been many great inventions, things that changed the way we live in. The first great invention was one that is still very important today--the wheel. This made it easier to carry heavy things and to travel long distances. For hundreds of years after that there were few inventions that had as much effect as the wheel. Then in the early 1800's the world started to change. There was little unknown land left in the world. People did not have to explore much anymore. They began to work instead to make life better. In the second half of the 19th century many great inventions were made. Among them were the camera, the electric light and the radio. These all became a big part of our life today.
The first part of the 20th century saw more great inventions. The helicopter in 1909. Movies with sound in 1926. The computer in 1928. And jet planes in 1930. This was also a time when a new material was first made. Nylon came out in 1935. It changed the kind of clothes people wear. The middle part of the 20th century brought new ways to help people get over disease. They worked very well. They made people healthier and let them live longer lives. By the 1960's most people could expect to live to be at least 60. By this time most people had a very good life. Of course new inventions continued to be made. But man now had a desire to explore again. The world was known to man but the stars were not. Man began looking for ways to go into space. Russia made the first step. Then the United States took a step. Since then other countries, including China and Japan, have made their steps into space. In 1969 man took his biggest step away from earth. Americans first walked on the moon. This is certainly just a beginning though. New inventions will someday allow us to do things we have never yet dreamed of.
A 1. Camera was invented after ________.
A) 1850 B) 1950 C) 1800 D) 1900
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D 2. Why did the world start to change in the early 1800's?
A) Because there were few inventions that had as much effect as the wheel for hundreds of
years.
B) Because there was little unknown land left in the world. C) Because people did not have to explore much anymore.
D) Because people began to work to make life better instead of exploring unknown world. A 3. In Paragraph Two, the word \"they\" in the sentence \"they worked very well\" refer
to_______.
A) helicopters, computers, jet planes, nylon B) new ways to help people get over disease C) new materials D) people
D 4. Why did man have a desire to explore again?
A) Man wanted to move to other stars.
B) Other countries wanted to catch up with the Americans. C) Other countries wanted to follow the Russians. D) Going into space is a dream for man to realize. D 5. The possible title for the passage might be _________.
A) Great Invention of the 20th Century
B) How Wheels, Cameras and Computers Were Invented? C) People's Attitudes towards Inventions D) Great Inventions Influence Our Way of Living Passage 16
Children learn almost nothing from television, and the more they watch, the less they remember. They regarded television purely as entertainment, resent programs that demand on them and are surprised that anybody should bake the medium seriously. Far from being over-excited by programs, they are mildly bored with the whole thing. These are the main conclusions from a new study of children and television. The author, Cardiac Cullingford, confirm that the modern child is a dedicated viewer. The study suggests that there is little point in the later hours. More than a third of the children regularly watch their favorite programs after 9 p.m. All 11-year-olds have watched programs after midnight.
Apart from the obvious waste of time involved, it seems that all this evening has little effect. Children don’t pay close attention, says Cullingford, and they can recall few details. They can remember exactly which programs they have seen, but they can rarely explain the elements of a particular plot. Recall is in “reverse proportion to the amount they have watched”. It is precisely because television, unlike a teacher, demands so little attention and response, argues Cullingford. Programs seeking to put over serious messages are strongly disliked. So are people who frequently talk on screen. What children like most, and remember
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best are the advertisements. They see them as short programs in their own right and particularly enjoy humorous presentation. But again, they react strongly against high-pressure advertisements that attempt openly to influence them.
On the other hand, they are not emotionally involved in the program. If they admire the stars, it is because the actors lead glamorous lives and earn a lot of money, not because of their fictional skills with fast cars and shooting villains. They are perfectly clear about the functions of advertisement; by the age of 12, only 1 in 10 children believes what even his favorite ads say about the product. And says Cullingford, educational television is probably the least successful of all in imparting attitudes or information. A 1. The study of children and television shows that .
A) it is useless for television companies to delay adult viewing to the later hours B) it is a waste of time for children to watch adult programs on TV C) children should not watch television programs late into the night D) children are supposed to learn a lot from television programs
A 2. “Recall is in reverse proportion to the amount they have watched ” in Para. 2 has almost
the same meaning as .
A) “the more they watch, the less they remember ” in Para. 1
B) “programs seeking to put over serious message are strongly dislikes” in Para. 2
C) “they see them as short programs in their own right” in Para. 2
D) “educational television is probably the least successful of all in imparting attitudes or
information
B 3. Which of the following in NOT true according to the new study of children and
television?
A) Some children stay up late to watch the programs they like B) Children enjoy watching challenging programs.
C) Children don’t like serious messages and high-pressured ads.
D) Though children like watching ads, most of them don’t believe what ads say about the products
B 4. Culling ford concludes that . A) children are excited when they watch TV B) watching TV has little real effect on children C) parents should spend less time watching TV
D) parents should be worried about the effect of TV on children D 5. Whom would the result of the new study upset? A) The advertiser C) The movie star Passage 17
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B) The children viewers D) The educators
According to a recent survey, employees in many companies today work longer hours
than employees did in 1979. They also take shorter vacations than employees in 1979. It seems that Americans are working harder today than ever before. Or are they? A management consultant, Bill Meyer, decided to find out. For three days, he observed an investment banker hard at work. Meyer wrote down everything the banker did during his long workday. At the end of the three -day period, Meyer reviewed the banker's activities with him. What did they find out? They discovered that the man spent 80 percent of his time doing unnecessary work. For example, he attended unnecessary meetings, made redundant (多余的) telephone calls, and spent time packing and unpacking his two big briefcases.
Apparently, many people believe that the more time a person spends at work. the more he or she accomplishes. When employers evaluate employees, they often consider the amount of time on the job in addition to job performance. Employees know this. Although many working people can do their job effectively during a regular 40 - hour work week, they feel they have to spend more time on the job after normal working hours so that the people who can promote them see them.
A group of headhunters (猎头) were asked their opinion about a situation. They had a choice of two candidates for an executive position with an important company. The candidates had similar qualifications for the job. For example, they were both reliable. One could do the job well in a 40 -hour work week. The other would do the same job in an 80 - hour work week just as well. According to a headhunting expert, the 80- hour- a- week candidate would get the job. The time this candidate spends on the job may encourage other employees to spend more time at work, too. Employers believe that if the employees stay at work later, they may actually do more work.
However, the connection between time and productivity (生产率) is not always positive. In fact, many studies indicate that after a certain point, anyone's productivity and creativity begin to decrease. Some employees are not willing to spend so much extra, unproductive time at the office. Once they finish their work satisfactorily, they want to relax and enjoy themselves. For these people, the solution is to find a company that encourages people to do both.
A 1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A) Many people work long hours but do not always do a lot of work. B) Most people can get more work done by working longer hours. C) Most Americans work 80 hours a week, and some work even longer. D) People can make more money by working longer hours. D 2. The management consultant wanted to find out ______. A) how hard the investment banker worked during his work hours B) when people spent time doing unnecessary work in their office
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C) if people needed vacation after working hard for a certain period of time C 3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) The more time a person spends at work, the more he or she accomplishes B) Employers do not judge their employees' job performance according to the amount of working time.
C) Some people work more than 40 hours a week in the hope of getting promotion. D) All employees are willing to spend extra time at work.
B 4. The 80 -hour-a -week candidate would get the job because employers believe ______ . A) that he is more reliable
B) his example would lead other employees to work longer hours C) he has better qualifications
D) he could encourage other employees to do a better job A 5. The expression “to do both” in the last paragraph is ______ A) to finish their work satisfactorily and relax and enjoy themselves B) to pay attention to both performance and productivity C) to work long hours and have short vacations D) to relax and enjoy themselves quite frequently Passage 18
Many private institutions of higher education around the country are in danger. Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality businesses. We have no obligation to save them simply because they exist. But many thriving institutions that deserve to continue are threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial difficulty, with no way to reduce rising costs or increase revenues (收入) significantly. Raising fees doesn't bring in more revenue, for each time fees go up, the enrollment (注册人数) goes down, or the amount that must be given away in student aid goes up. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private. not usually because of bad management but because of the nature of the business. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either from too few students or too many students. Even a very good college is a very bad business.
It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, that I worry about. Low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Efforts to save them, and preferably to keep them private, are a national necessity. There is no basis for arguing that private schools are bound to be better than public schools. There are plentiful examples to the contrary. Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be dominant, and therefore diversity (多样性) is a national necessity. Diversity in the way we support schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In an imperfect society such as ours,
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D) whether Americans were really working harder than they had done before
uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous. In an imperfect society, diversity is a positive good. Eager supporters of public higher education know the importance of keeping private higher education healthy.
C 1. In the passage, the author asks the public to support _____ A) private higher education in general B) public higher education in general C) high-quality private universities and colleges D) high-quality state universities and colleges
A 2. According to the passage, schools are bad businesses because of____ . A) the nature of school C) bad management A) have low fees
B) poor teachers
D) too few students B) get into difficulties
D) have low teaching standards
B 3. The phrase “go under” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _____. C) do a bad job educationally
B 4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) There are many cases indicating that private schools are superior to public schools B) The author thinks diversity of education is preferable to uniformity of education. C) A high-quality university is always a good business. D) Each time fees are raised, the enrollment goes up.
D 5. In the author's opinion, the way that can save private schools lies in ____. A) full enrollment Passage 19
The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.
A few years ago, a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level if danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably
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B) raising fees
C) reducing student aid
D) national support
falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.
In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isn’t simply a matter of adhering to certain precaution: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care, etc. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons’ personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span. B 1. What social scientists have long felt puzzled about is why ________. A）the mortality rates cannot be predicted B）the deaths have remained stable year after year C）a quota for each type of death has not come into being D）people lost their lives every year for this or that reason
D 2. In his research, Gerald Wilde found that technological advances and increases in safety
standards _________.
A）have helped solve the problem of so high death rates B）have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past century C）have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths D）have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths
A 3. According to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from _______.
A）our innate desire for risk B）our fast and reckless driving C）our ignorance of seat belt benefits D）our instinctive interest in speeding
C 4. By saying “… statically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers” in Para.2, the
author means _________.
A）wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of view B）deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing them C）deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing seat belts D）wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents C 5. Which of the following may contribute to a longer life span? A）Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others B）Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care C）Cultivating an optimistic personality and never losing heart D）Looking on the bright side and developing a balances level of risk
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Passage 20
In managing information resources, the medium may be the key to an effective system. The medium is a vehicle, a tool, or a container for holding information; the information itself is the thing of value.
Three popular categories of information media are paper, film, and electronic storage devices The media choice must not be viewed as a choice among these three, however; it must be viewed a s an opportunity to select from a multitude of media possibilities in combinations that build effective systems. In many instances the person responsible for information-resource management is not the person who determines the medium in which information will be created. In such a case, the manager of a firm’s information resources faces a challenge in making a significant contribution to the organization s objectives.
For effective management of information resources, media conversion may be necessary. Examples include keying or scanning paper documents to convert them to electronic media. Other processes convert electronic media from one format to another. For example, disk files created on one system may not be compatible with another system. Various hardware and software combinations can be used to convert files to formats that equipment will accept. For information generated within organizations, this necessity of making systems compatible may be eliminated by cooperative planning. However, very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information that comes to your organization from the outside.
The medium for information may be selected to satisfy a need that exists when information is created and communicated. For example, a paper record may be created because of its portability and because no special equipment is necessary for later references to that information; electronic transmission may be selected because it is the fastest means of communicating information. A firm may use electronic mail because a network already exists for on-line computer communication. The additional application may cost less than postage to mail paper memos.
A 1. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?
A) Media Selection in Managing Information Resources. B) The Importance and Necessity of Media Conversion. C) Three Categories of Information Media. D) Various Means of Communicating Information B 2. The first paragraph aims at telling the reader ____.
A) the importance of information resources management B) the relationship between the medium and information C) the great variety of media for holding information D) the numerous resources of information D 3. According to the author, ____.
A) paper is the best storage device
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B) people have three choices in selecting information media
C) it is better to let the person responsible for information-resource management determine the medium
D) the manager should build an effective system by selecting a good combination of different media
B 4. For effective management of information resources, the manager should ____.
A) convert all paper documents to electronic media B) make media conversion when necessary
C) control the media used to generate information both inside and outside his organization D) use one format in processing information C 5. The main idea of the last paragraph is ____.
A) paper record is the most convenient medium for later reference B) electronic mail costs less than postage to mail paper memos
C) different media for information may be selected for different purposes D) by using different media, a firm can create various information for its objectives Passage 21
Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, Department of Food Science and Nutrition at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, “The streets would be littered with people lying here and there.”
Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant’s weight is made up of natural pesticides, says he: “ Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare.” And many naturally produced chemicals , though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens—a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standard that apply to food activities. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: “We’ve got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made.”
Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.
To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its
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regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens. C 1. What does the author think of the Americans’ view of their food? A) They overstate the government’s interference with the food industry. B) They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food. C) They overestimate the hazards of their food. D) They overlook the risks of the food they eat.
C 2. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because________. A) no food is free from pollution in the environment. B) pesticides are widely used in agriculture.
C) many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals D) almost all foods have additives
A 3. By saying “they employ chemical warfare” (Para. 2) Bruce Ames means ___. A) plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseases B) plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth
C) farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants D) farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases
B 4. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on ______. A) the government B) the consumer C) the processor D) the grower
D 5. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage? A) Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before.
B) Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing. C) Health food is not a dream in modern society.
D) There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption. Part III Translation
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. 1. Do you know when China joined the WTO (世界贸易组织) ?
2. Food chemists will investigate the health food ( 保健食品 ) on sale to see if it really does give the benefits claimed.
3．The small restaurant ___consists of______(组成) a counter and a couple of small tables. 4. However, I do not want to overstate my case (夸大其词). 5. My 1999 car shows the __wear and tear_______(磨损) of 105,000 miles.
6. When she tells a story, she likes to____let people produce suspense_____ (让人产生悬念).
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7. Her words __hurt myself-respect___(伤了我的自尊).
8．She used to be shy, but this time she can give a performanc e in front of _the public__(大庭广众).
9. I can’t boot my computer now. _There must be something wrong___(一定出了毛病) with its operating system.
10. Others on line report the same symptom and we start to _feel an aversion to outside forms of socializing__(厌恶外面的社交方式).
11. Joan _is anxious to__(急于) meet Mr. Keller and his family.
12. Compare with the place where I grow up_(与我成长的地方相比)，this town is more prosperous and exciting.
13. Not until he had complished the task(直到他完成任务) did he realize he was seriously ill. 14.Our efforts will pay off, if the results of the research _can be applied to the research and development of new technology__(能应用于新技术的研发).
15. Leaving one’s job, whatever it is__(无论是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring.
16. Linda _couldn't have received my e-mail_(不可能收到我的电子邮件), otherwise, she could have replied.
17. The war left the family scattered all over the world, and it was thirty years _later that they got together again before they reunited _(他们才得以重聚).
18. It’s amazing the way the eight-year-old boy managed to stay so calm _when he faced the
emergency_(当他面对紧急情况).
19. The fight ended in victory and Nancy _became a gender-equality advocate_(因此变成了男女平等的倡导者).
20. He is a man of few words, but_when it comes to playing computer games_(要说玩电脑)
he is far too clear for his classmates.
21.This company has reached and developed a new type of material _which has unbelievable flexibility_(它有着难以置信的弹性).
22. The professor encourages his students to carry on their experiment because he clearly
realizes this is _nothing more than a minor mistake__(只不过是一个小错).
23. Only a American can a billionaire_(只有在美国一个百万富翁) carry on like plain folks and get away with it.
24. Sally is working hard for _a decent job that she is craving for _(一份期待已久的体面工作).
25. The company denied that _its donation had a commercial purpose__(其捐款有商业目的). 26. A jury consists of 12 members(由十二人组成的陪审团) voted in unison that many was guilty.
27. Some of the students requested that _postpone this trip_推迟旅行).
28. Without proper lessons, you could _pick up lots of bad habits__(学会很多坏习惯) when
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playing the piano.
29. Which sport has the most expenses _in terms of_ (从某些方面而言) training equipment, players’ personal equipment and uniforms?
30. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that _the power of the medium is exaggerated__ (媒体的的力量被夸大了).
31. The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that _on amount of money would make up for __(用多少钱也弥补不了).
32. He was proud of being chosen to participate in the game and _he insured us__(他向我们保证) that he would try as hard as possible.
33. Although we tried to concentrate on the lecture, we _are distracted by noise_(被喧闹声分散了注意力) from the next door.
34. We should _dedicate__ (献身于) our energy and youth to the development of our country.
35. The thief tried to open the locked door but _in vain_(徒劳无功).
36. Many personnel managers say it is harder and harder to _distinguish honest applicants from the growing number of dishonest ones_ (从不断增加的不诚实的应聘者中区分出诚实的应聘者).
37. American football and baseball are becoming known to the British public through televised transmission from the United States (通过美国的电视转播).
38. Such self-reliance is _a principal value of child rearing in American middle-class_(美国中
产阶级最重要的一条育儿观).
39.Once you start replacing real human contact with cyber-interaction (用网络交际取代人
与人的真实接触), coming back out of the cave can be quite difficult.
40. The traffic was awful, a continuous line of vehicles (连续不断的车辆)extending as far as the eye could see.
41. Compared with the place where I grow up (与我成长的地方相比), this town is more prosperous and exciting.
42. Tom is the most warm-hearted in the class. _needless to say_ (不用说), he volunteered to
take Annie to hospital when she was sick today.
43.(这个计划成功的关键) The key to the succes of the project is good planning.
44. After the terrorist attack, tourists _are suggested not to travel to this country at that moment_ (被劝告暂时不要去该国旅游).
45. I didn’ t even speak to him, let alone discuss with him (更不用说与他讨论事情). 46. He doesn't appreciate the sacrifice his friends have made for him, _and takes what they had done for granted__ (把他们所做的视作理所应当).
47. It’s absolutely wrong __to define happiness only in money__(仅仅以金钱来定义幸福). 48. Do remind me because I _am likely to__(可能会) forget.
49. Owing to his bashfulness (由于他的过分腼腆), he could not make up his mind to express
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his love for her.
50. I really think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project (向该项目大量投资)
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