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NFPA 59A-2006 标准

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--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Copyright National Fire Protection Association Provided by IHS under license with NFPA

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NFPA 59A

Standard for the Production, Storage, and

Natural Gas (LNG)

2006 Edition

NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 An International Codes and Standards Organization

Not for Resale

Handling of Liquefied IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPA DOCUMENTS

NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY CONCERNING THE USE OF NFPA DOCUMENTS

NFPA codes,standards,recommended practices,and guides,of which the document contained herein is one,are de-veloped through a consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute.This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on fire andother safety issues. While the NFPA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the develop-ment of consensus,it does not independently test,evaluate,or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundnessof any judgments contained in its codes and standards.

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ADDITIONAL NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERSUpdating of NFPA Documents

Users of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides should be aware thatthese documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may beamended from time to time through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments. An offi-cial NFPA document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the documenttogether with any Tentative Interim Amendments and any Errata then in effect. In order todetermine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amendedthrough the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected through the issuance ofErrata, consult appropriate NFPA publications such as the National Fire Codes® SubscriptionService, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org, or contact the NFPA at the address listedbelow.

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This document is copyrighted by the NFPA. It is made available for a wide variety of bothpublic and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, anduse in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of safe practices andmethods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities andprivate users, the NFPA does not waive any rights in copyright to this document.

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59A–1

NFPA59AStandardforthe

Production,Storage,andHandlingofLiquefiedNaturalGas(LNG)

2006Edition

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---GasThisNFPA(LNG)edition,waspreparedofNFPA59A,bytheStandardTechnicalfortheCommitteeProduction,onStorage,LiquefiedandNaturalHandlingGasofLiquefiedandactedNaturalonissuedatsupersedesbyitstheJuneallStandardsAssociationpreviouseditions.

CouncilTechnicalonJulyMeeting29,2005,heldwithJuneaneffective6–10,2005,dateinofLasAugustVegas,18,NV2005,.Itandwasby2005.

ThiseditionofNFPA59AwasapprovedasanAmericanNationalStandardonAugust18,OriginandDevelopmentofNFPA59A

gasAconsideredcircacommittee1960.InofthetheautumnAmericanof19,GasAssociationabeganworkonastandardforliquefiednaturalstandardoftheCommitteethataswasthebasisadoptedforanNFPAstandard.draftwasThesubmittedSectionaltoCommitteetheNFPAwithonUtilitytherequestGaspreparedthatitbeaonGases.

tentativelyatthe1966NFPAAnnualMeetingattherecommendationwasWiththeformationoftheCommitteeonFuelGasesinthesummerof1966,editionassignedteeonFuelwasadoptedtothatGases.

atcommitteethe1967NFPAanditsAnnualSubcommitteeMeetingonunderUtilitytheGassponsorshipPlants.ThethisstandardofthefirstCommit-officialutilityByearlysuggestedgasplant1969,applicationsitwasapparentcoveredthatthebytheuse1967ofLNGedition.wasexpandingconsiderablybeyondthe(LPG)teeInstallationsthatits,standardbeusedtoPUBLhelpdevelop2510A,DesignastandardandhavingConstructionTheAmericanabroaderofLiquefiedPetroleumPetroleumInstituteGaseditiononLiquefied1975,1979,developedNatural1985,1990,underGas1994,thewasbroadenedestablished1996,and2001.

scope.forSubsequentthispurpose.editionsThe1971scope.TheCommit-wereeditionadoptedwasinthe1972,firstcalThereferencedCommittee2006editionDocumentsincludes,suchrevisionsasprovidingincompliancewiththeManualofStyleforNFPATechni-ChapterInaddition,4.FormerpublicationseditorialChaptersinChapterrevisions2through2,definitionsonlyadministrativeweremade11havetomakebeeninChaptertherenumbered3,andrequirementsinChapter1,textmoreclear.

asgeneralChaptersrequirements5through14.inDefinitionsChapter5hasbeenrevisedtocoverdoubleandfullcontainmentLNGstoragecontainers.criteriaMinimumforLNGofthesecontainerstypesofhavecontainersbeenrevisedhavealsotobeencorrelateaddedwithtothetherequirementsstandard.SeismicofASCEdesign7,requirementsDesignforLoadsacontingencyforBuildingsplanandforOtherpotentialStructuresLNG.Chaptermarinetransfer11hasbeenincidents.

revisedtoaddCopyright National Fire Protection Association Provided by IHS under license with NFPA

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59A–2PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

TechnicalCommitteeonLiquefiedNaturalGas

RichardA.Hoffmann,ChairHoffmann&Feige,NY[SE]

TheodoreC.Lemoff,Secretary(Staff—Nonvoting)

NationalFireProtectionAssociation,MA

DonaldBarber,EnmatInternational(UK),UnitedJamesP.Lewis,ProjectTechnicalLiaisonAssociates,Inc.,Kingdom[SE]

TX[SE]

Rep.InstituteofGasEngineers/InstituteofEnergyAlexPastuhov,AVPCorporation,AZ[SE]

ChristopherBourne,MassachusettsDept.ofKennethL.Paul,ChartIndustries,Inc.,NH[M]

Telecommunications&Energy,MA[E]

GilfordW.Poe,ExxonMobilDevelopmentCompany,LeonA.Bowdoin,Jr.,Weaver’sCoveEnergy,MA[U]

TX[U]

Rep.NFPAIndustrialFireProtectionSectionRep.AmericanPetroleumInstitute

DonH.Coers,CoersandCompany,IL[SE]JamesJ.Regan,StarrTechnicalRisksAgencyInc.,IL[I]BrianL.Eisentrout,CB&I,IL[M]

MichaelF.Schmidt,TycoSuppressionSystems,WI[M]Rep.SteelPlateFabricatorsAssociation

Rep.FireEquipmentManufacturers’AssociationThomasJ.Felleisen,U.S.CoastGuard,DC[E]

GregoryJ.Schneller,KeySpanEnergy,NY[U]JamesJ.Gaughan,AmericanBureauofShipping,NY[E]Rep.AmericanGasAssociation

BenHo,BPAmocoCorporation,TX[U]

ChrisSmith,SouthernLNG,anElPasoCompany,StanleyT.Kastanas,U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,GA[U]

DC[E]

Rep.InterstateNaturalGasAssociationofAmericaFrancisJ.Katulak,DistrigasofMassachusetts,LLC,JamesH.Stannard,Jr.,Stannard&Company,GA[SE]MA[U]

RonaldW.Tanner,TrunklineLNGCompany,LLC,HansE.Kimmel,EbaraInternationalCorporation,LA[U]

NV[M]

Rep.AmericanGasAssociation

NicholasA.Legatos,PreloadIncorporated,NY[M]

JosephE.Zanoni,BakerEngineering&RiskConsultants,Rep.AmericanConcreteInstitute

Inc.,TX[SE]

Alternates

JeffreyP.Beale,CH-IVInternational,MD[SE]

CharlesP.(Chuck)Ivey,AtmosEnergy,GA[U]

(Alt.toJ.H.Stannard)

AllanM.Clarke,DukeEnergyCorporation,TX[U]

(Alt.toG.J.Schneller)

(Alt.toR.W.Tanner)

JayJ.Jablonski,HSBProfessionalLossControl,TX[I]DaleR.Edlbeck,TycoFire&Security/Ansul,WI[M]

(Alt.toJ.J.Regan)

(Alt.toM.F.Schmidt)

ThomasV.Rodante,BakerEngineering&RiskThomasD.High,ChartIndustries,Inc.,NH[M]

Consultants,Inc.,TX[SE](Alt.toK.L.Paul)

(Alt.toJ.E.Zanoni)

ChristopherE.Humes,SouthernLNG,anElPasoMichaelR.Schuller,Pitt-DesMoines,Inc.,PA[M]Company,GA[U]

(Alt.toB.L.Eisentrout)(Alt.toC.Smith)

Nonvoting

SwapanKumarHazra,HindustanAegisLPGBottlingCo.,Ltd.,India[M]

TheodoreC.Lemoff,NFPAStaffLiaison

ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.

NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.

CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentsonsafetyandrelatedaspectsintheliquefactionofnaturalgasandthetransport,storage,vaporization,transfer,anduseoflique-fiednaturalgas.

2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--CONTENTS59A–3

Contents

Chapter1Administration...............................1.1Scope.............................................1.2Purpose.(Reserved)..........................1.3Equivalency.....................................1.4Retroactivity....................................1.5MetricPractices................................1.6ReferencedStandards........................Chapter2ReferencedPublications..................2.1General..........................................2.2NFPAPublications.............................2.3OtherPublications............................2.4ReferencesforExtractsinMandatory

Sections..........................................Chapter3Definitions....................................3.1General..........................................3.2NFPAOfficialDefinitions....................3.3GeneralDefinitions...........................Chapter4GeneralRequirements.....................4.1TrainingofPersonnel........................4.2TrainingPlan...................................4.3CorrosionControlOverview................4.4ControlCenter.................................4.5SourcesofPower..............................4.6Records..........................................Chapter5PlantSitingandLayout....................5.1PlantSiteProvisions..........................5.2SiteProvisionsforSpillandLeak

Control...........................................

5.3BuildingsandStructures....................5.4DesignerandFabricatorCompetence....5.5SoilProtectionforCryogenic

Equipment......................................

5.6FallingIceandSnow.........................5.7ConcreteMaterials............................Chapter6ProcessEquipment.........................6.1InstallationofProcessEquipment.........6.2PumpsandCompressors....................6.3FlammableRefrigerantand

FlammableLiquidStorage..................

6.4ProcessEquipment............................Chapter7StationaryLNGStorageContainers....7.1Inspection.......................................7.2DesignConsiderations.......................7.3MetalContainers..............................7.4ConcreteContainers.........................7.5MarkingofLNGContainers................7.6TestingofLNGContainers.................

59A–

59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–

55555555556

7.77.8ContainerPurgingandCooldown........59A–22ReliefDevices..................................59A–22

Chapter8VaporizationFacilities......................8.1ClassificationofVaporizers..................8.2DesignandMaterialsofConstruction....8.3VaporizerPipingandIntermediate

FluidPipingandStorage....................

8.4ReliefDevicesonVaporizers................8.5CombustionAirSupply......................8.6ProductsofCombustion.....................Chapter9PipingSystemsandComponents........9.1General..........................................9.2MaterialsofConstruction...................9.3Installation......................................9.4PipeSupports..................................9.5PipingIdentification..........................9.6InspectionandTestingofPiping..........9.7PurgingofPipingSystems...................9.8SafetyandReliefValves......................9.9CorrosionControl............................Chapter1010.110.210.310.410.510.610.7

InstrumentationandElectrical

Services......................................LiquidLevelGauging........................PressureGauging..............................VacuumGauging..............................TemperatureIndicators......................EmergencyShutdown........................ElectricalEquipment.........................ElectricalGroundingandBonding.......

59A–2359A–2359A–2359A–2359A–2459A–2459A–2459A–2459A–2459A–2459A–2559A–2559A–2659A–2659A–2659A–2659A–2659A–2659A–2659A–2759A–2759A–2759A–2759A–2759A–2959A–2959A–2959A–2959A–2959A–2959A–2959A–2959A–3159A–3159A–3259A–3259A–3259A–3259A–3259A–3259A–3359A–33

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---59A–759A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–59A–

7777899

59A–959A–959A–959A–1459A–1559A–1559A–1559A–1559A–1559A–1559A–1559A–1559A–1659A–1659A–1659A–1659A–1959A–2059A–2159A–21

Chapter11TransferofLNGandRefrigerants....11.1Scope.............................................11.2GeneralRequirements.......................11.3PipingSystem..................................11.4Purging..........................................11.5PumpandCompressorControl............11.6MarineShippingandReceiving...........11.7TankVehicleandTankCarLoading

andUnloadingFacilities.....................

11.8PipelineShippingandReceiving..........11.9HosesandArms................................11.10CommunicationsandLighting............Chapter1212.112.212.312.412.5

FireProtection,Safety,

andSecurity.................................Scope.............................................General..........................................EmergencyShutdownSystems.............FireandLeakDetection.....................FireProtectionWaterSystems..............

2006Edition

Not for Resale

59A–4PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

12.6FireExtinguishingandOtherFire

ControlEquipment...........................59A–3312.7MaintenanceofFireProtection

Equipment......................................59A–3312.8PersonnelSafety...............................59A–3312.9

Security..........................................

59A–33

Chapter13RequirementsforStationary

ApplicationsUsingASME

Containers..................................

59A–3413.1Scope.............................................59A–3413.2GeneralRequirements.......................59A–3413.3Containers......................................59A–3413.4ContainerFilling..............................59A–3513.5ContainerFoundationsandSupports....59A–3513.6ContainerInstallation........................59A–3513.7AutomaticProductRetentionValves......59A–3513.8LNGSpillContainment......................59A–3613.9Inspection.......................................59A–3613.10ShopTestingofLNGContainers..........59A–3613.11ShipmentofLNGContainers..............59A–3713.12FieldTestingofLNGContainers..........59A–3713.13WeldingonContainers.......................59A–3713.14Piping............................................59A–3713.15ContainerInstrumentation.................59A–3713.16FireProtectionandSafety...................59A–3713.17GasDetectors...................................59A–3713.18OperationsandMaintenance..............

59A–37

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---2006Edition

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Chapter14Operating,Maintenance,and

PersonnelTraining........................59A–4014.1Scope.............................................59A–4014.2GeneralRequirements.......................59A–4014.3ManualofOperatingProcedures..........59A–4014.4OperatingManualContents................59A–4014.5MaintenanceManual.........................59A–4114.6MarineShippingandReceiving...........59A–4214.7ProductTransfer..............................59A–4214.8LoadingorUnloadingOperations........59A–4214.9OtherOperations.............................59A–4314.10SiteHousekeeping............................59A–4314.11ControlSystems,Inspection,and

Testing...........................................59A–4314.12CorrosionControl............................59A–4414.13Records..........................................59A–4414.14PersonnelTraining...........................

59A–44

AnnexAExplanatoryMaterial.........................59A–44AnnexBSeismicDesignofLNGPlants.............59A–48AnnexCSecurity.........................................59A–49AnnexDTraining.........................................59A–49AnnexE

InformationalReferences..................59A–51

Index...........................................................59A–53

Not for Resale

REFERENCEDPUBLICATIONS59A–5

NFPA59AStandardforthe

Production,Storage,andHandlingof

LiquefiedNaturalGas(LNG)

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---1.4Retroactivity.Theprovisionsofthisstandardreflectacon-sensusofwhatisnecessarytoprovideanacceptabledegreeofprotectionfromthehazardsaddressedinthisstandardatthetimethestandardwasissued.

1.4.1Unlessotherwisespecified,theprovisionsofthisstandardshallnotapplytofacilities,equipment,structures,orinstallationsthatexistedorwereapprovedforconstructionorinstallationpriortotheeffectivedateofthestandard.Wherespecified,theprovisionsofthisstandardshallberetroactive.

1.4.2Inthosecaseswheretheauthorityhavingjurisdictiondeterminesthattheexistingsituationpresentsanunaccept-abledegreeofrisk,theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshallbepermittedtoapplyretroactivelyanyportionsofthisstandarddeemedappropriate.

1.4.3Theretroactiverequirementsofthisstandardshallbeper-mittedtobemodifiediftheirapplicationclearlywouldbeim-practicalinthejudgmentoftheauthorityhavingjurisdictionandonlywhereitisclearlyevidentthatareasonabledegreeofsafetyisprovided.

1.5MetricPractices.MetricunitsinthisstandardshallbebasedonIEEE/ASTMSI10,StandardforUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModernMetricSystem.

1.5.1Whereclearancedistancesaretobedetermined,thecon-versionfromU.S.customaryunitstoSIunitsshallbecalculatedtothenearest0.5m.

1.5.2AlternateusageofU.S.customaryunitsandSIunitsonasingleprojectshallnotbeusedtolessenclearancedistances.1.6ReferencedStandards.ReferenceshallbemadetobothU.S.andCanadianstandards,becausethisstandardispre-paredforuseinboththeUnitedStatesandCanada,aswellasinothercountries.

1.6.1Wherethisstandardisadopted,theadoptionshallin-cludeastatementofwhetherU.S.orCanadianreferencestan-dardsshallbeused.

1.6.2Ifnosuchstatementismade,theusershalluseeitherallavailableU.S.orallavailableCanadianreferencestandards.1.6.3Ifotherreferencestandardsaretobeused,itshallbesostated.

2006Edition

IMPORTANTNOTE:ThisNFPAdocumentismadeavailableforusesubjecttoimportantnoticesandlegaldisclaimers.Thesenoticesanddisclaimersappearinallpublicationscontainingthisdocumentandmaybefoundundertheheading“ImportantNoticesandDis-claimersConcerningNFPADocuments.”TheycanalsobeobtainedonrequestfromNFPAorviewedatwww.nfpa.org/disclaimers.NOTICE:Anasterisk(*)followingthenumberorletterdes-ignatingaparagraphindicatesthatexplanatorymaterialontheparagraphcanbefoundinAnnexA.

Areferenceinbrackets[]followingasectionorparagraphindicatesmaterialthathasbeenextractedfromanotherNFPAdocument.Asanaidtotheuser,thecompletetitleandeditionofthesourcedocumentsformandatoryextractsaregiveninChap-ter2andthosefornonmandatoryextractsaregiveninAnnexE.Editorialchangestoextractedmaterialconsistofrevisingrefer-encestoanappropriatedivisioninthisdocumentortheinclu-sionofthedocumentnumberwiththedivisionnumberwhenthereferenceistotheoriginaldocument.Requestsforinterpre-tationsorrevisionsofextractedtextshallbesenttothetechnicalcommitteeresponsibleforthesourcedocument.

InformationonreferencedpublicationscanbefoundinChapter2andAnnexE.

Chapter1

1.1*Scope.

Administration

1.1.1Thisstandardshallapplytothefollowing:

(1)Facilitiesthatliquefynaturalgas

(2)Facilitiesthatstore,vaporize,transfer,andhandlelique-fiednaturalgas(LNG)

(3)ThetrainingofallpersonnelinvolvedwithLNG

(4)Thedesign,location,construction,maintenance,andop-erationofallLNGfacilities1.1.2Thisstandardshallnotapplytothefollowing:(1)Frozengroundcontainers

(2)Portablestoragecontainersstoredorusedinbuildings(3)AllLNGvehicularapplications,includingfuelingofLNG

vehicles1.2Purpose.(Reserved)

1.3*Equivalency.Nothinginthisstandardisintendedtopre-venttheuseofsystems,methods,ordevicesofequivalentorsuperiorquality,strength,fireresistance,effectiveness,dura-bility,andsafetyoverthoseprescribedbythisstandard.1.3.1Technicaldocumentationshallbesubmittedtotheau-thorityhavingjurisdictiontodemonstrateequivalency.1.3.2Thesystem,method,ordeviceshallbeapprovedfortheintendedpurposebytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.

Chapter2ReferencedPublications

2.1General.Thedocumentsorportionsthereoflistedinthischapterarereferencedwithinthisstandardandshallbecon-sideredpartoftherequirementsofthisdocument.

2.2NFPAPublications.NationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA02169-7471.

NFPA10,StandardforPortableFireExtinguishers,2002edition.NFPA11,StandardforLow-,Medium-,andHigh-ExpansionFoam,2005edition.

NFPA12,StandardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems,2005edition.

NFPA12A,StandardonHalon1301FireExtinguishingSystems,2004edition.

NFPA13,StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystems,2002edition.

NFPA14,StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems,2003edition.

2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Not for Resale

59A–6PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

tion,NFPA15,StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtec-andNFPA2001Foam-Water16,edition.

StandardfortheInstallationofFoam-WaterSprinkler2002NFPA17,StandardSpraySystems,forDry2003Chemicaledition.

ExtinguishingSystems,FireNFPAedition.

20,StandardfortheInstallationofStationaryPumpsfor2003NFPAProtection,22,Standard2003edition.

forWaterTanksforPrivateFireMainsNFPAedition.

Protection,24,StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireServiceedition.

NFPAand30,TheirFlammableAppurtenances,andCombustible2002edition.

LiquidsCode,2003CombustionNFPA37,StandardfortheInstallationandUseofStationaryNFPANFPA54,EnginesNationalandFuelGasGasTurbines,Code,2002edition.NFPA58,NFPA59,LiquefiedUtilityPetroleumGasCode,2006edition.

2004edition.NFPANFPA7270,®101,NationalLP-Gas®NationalElectricalPlant,LifeSafetyFireCodeAlarmCodeCode,®®,2006Code,2004edition.®2005edition.

,2002edition.edition.teristicsNFPAof255,BuildingStandardMethodofTestofSurfaceBurningCharac-bustibleNFPA385,StandardMaterials,forTank2006Vehiclesedition.

forFlammableandCom-NFPALiquids,600,Standard2000edition.

onIndustrialFireBrigades,2005edition.ofEmergencyNFPA1221,ServicesStandardfortheInstallation,Maintenance,andUseedition.

NFPA1901,StandardCommunicationsforAutomotiveSystems,Fire2002Apparatus,edition.

2003tems,NFPANFPA20042001,5000edition.

StandardonCleanAgentFireExtinguishingSys-®,BuildingConstructionandSafetyCode®edition.

,20062.3OtherPublications.

2.3.1Box9094,ACIFarmingtonPublications.Hills,AmericanMI48333.

ConcreteInstitute,P.O.ACI301,SpecificationsforStructuralConcrete,1999.

PlacingACIof304R,ConcreteGuide,2000.

forMeasuring,Mixing,TransportationandACI311.4R,GuideforConcreteInspection,2000.

ACI318,BuildingCodeRequirementsforReinforcedConcrete,2005.crete,ACI2005.

318R,BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralCon-creteACIStructures350,Code,2001.

RequirementsforEnvironmentalEngineeringCon-Strand-WrappedACI372R,DesignPrestressedandConcreteConstructionStructures,ofCircular2003.

Wire-andcreteACIStructures373R,DesignwithCircumferentialandConstructionTendons,ofCircular1997.

PrestressedCon-cationACIof506.2,Shotcrete,Specification1995.

forMaterials,Proportioning,andAppli-2.3.2Street,APIN.W.,Publications.Washington,AmericanDC20005-4070.PetroleumInstitute,1220LAPI6D,SpecificationforPipelineValves,1994.

PressureAPIStorage620,DesignTanks,and1990.

ConstructionofLarge,Welded,Low-2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

(LPG)APIInstallations,2510,Design19.

andConstructionofLiquefiedPetroleumGas2.3.31801AlexanderASCEPublication.BellDrive,AmericanReston,SocietyVA20191.

ofCivilEngineers,tures,ASCE2002.

7,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStruc-2.3.4gineers,ASMEThreePublications.ParkAvenue,AmericanNewYork,SocietyNY10016-5990.ofMechanicalEn-ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,2004.ASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping,2004.ASMEB31.5,RefrigerationPiping,2001.

tems,ASME2003.

B31.8,GasTransmissionandDistributionPipingSys-2.3.5Materials,ASTM19428-2959.

100Publications.BarrHarborAmericanDrive,WestSocietyConshohocken,forTestingandPAcreteASTMReinforcement,A82,Standard2002.

SpecificationforSteelWire,Plain,forCon-Seven-WireASTMAfor416,PrestressedStandardConcrete,Specification2002.

forSteelStrand,UncoatedSteelASTMWireforA421,PrestressedStandardConcrete,Specification2002.

forUncoatedStressed-RelievedConcreteASTMReinforcement,A496,Standard2002.

SpecificationforSteelWire,Deformed,forBillet-SteelASTMBarsA615,forConcreteStandardReinforcement,Specificationfor2004.

DeformedandPlainSteelASTMBarforAPrestressing722,StandardConcrete,Specification2005.

forUncoatedHigh-StrengthforASTMPrestressingA821,ConcreteStandardTanks,Specification1999.

forSteelWire,HandDrawnDeformedASTMBarsA966,forStandardConcreteReinforcement,Specificationfor2004.

Rail-SteelandAxle-SteelCarbon,ASTMAlloywithStructural,A1008,StandardImprovedFormability,High-StrengthSpecificationforSteel,Sheet,Cold-Rolled,2005.

Low-AlloyandHigh-StrengthLow-ASTMC33,StandardSpecificationforConcreteAggregates,2003.2.3.221WalneyCGAPublications.Road,5thFloor,CompressedChantilly,VAGas20151-2923.Association,CryogenicCGA341,Liquids,Standard2002.

forInsulatedCargoTankSpecificationforpressedCGAGasS-1.3,StoragePressureContainers,ReliefDevice2003.

Standards—Part3—Com-2.3.75060SpectrumCSAPublications.Way,Mississauga,CanadianOntario,StandardsL4W5N6,Association,Canada.struction,CSAA23.1,2004.

ConcreteMaterialsandMethodsofConcreteCon-CSAA23.3,DesignofConcreteStructures,2004.

QualificationCSAA23.4,PrecastConcrete—MaterialsandProducts,2004.

CodeforArchitecturalandStructuralPrecastConstruction/ConcreteCSAB51,Boiler,PressureVesselandPressurePipingCode,2003.

Not for Resale

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CSAC22.1,CanadianElectricalCode,2002.

CSAG30.5,WeldedSteelWireFabricforConcreteReinforcement,1998.

CSAG30.18,Billet-SteelBarsforConcreteReinforcement,2000.G279,SteelforPrestressedConcreteTendons,1982.

2.3.8GRIPublications.GasResearchInstitutepublicationsavailablefromGTI,1700SouthMountProspectRoad,DesPlaines,IL60018.

GRIReport0176,“LNGFIRE:AThermalRadiationModelforLNGFires,”19.

GRIReport0242,“LNGVaporDispersionPredictionwiththeDEGADISDenseGasDispersionModel,”19.

2.3.9IEEEPublication.InstituteofElectricalandElectron-icsEngineers,ThreeParkAvenue,17thFloor,NewYork,NY10016-5997.

IEEE/ASTMSI10,StandardforUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModernMetricSystem,2002.

2.3.10NACEPublication.NACEInternational,1440SouthCreekDrive,Houston,TX77084-4906.

NACERP0169,ControlofExternalCorrosionofUndergroundorSubmergedMetallicPipingSystems,2002.

2.3.11NRCPublication.NationalResearchCouncilofCanada,Ottawa,Ontario,K1A0R6.NationalBuildingCodeofCanada,1995.

2.3.12OtherPublication.Merriam-Webster’sCollegiateDictionary,11thedition,Merriam-Webster,Inc.,Springfield,MA,2003.2.4ReferencesforExtractsinMandatorySections.

NFPA52,VehicularFuelSystemsCode,2006edition.

NFPA220,StandardonTypesofBuildingConstruction,2006edition.

3.2.5Standard.Adocument,themaintextofwhichcontainsonlymandatoryprovisionsusingtheword“shall”toindicaterequirementsandwhichisinaformgenerallysuitableformandatoryreferencebyanotherstandardorcodeorforadop-tionintolaw.Nonmandatoryprovisionsshallbelocatedinanappendixorannex,footnote,orfine-printnoteandarenottobeconsideredapartoftherequirementsofastandard.3.3GeneralDefinitions.

3.3.1Barrel.Aunitofvolume.Onebarrelequals42U.S.gal,or5.615ft3(0.159m3).

3.3.2Bunkering.Theloadingofaship’sbunkerortankwithfueloilforuseinconnectionwithpropulsionorauxil-iaryequipment.

3.3.3CargoTankVehicle.Atanktruckortrailerdesignedtotransportliquidcargo.

3.3.4Components.Apart,orasystemofparts,thatfunctionsasaunitinanLNGplantandcouldinclude,butisnotlimitedto,piping,processingequipment,containers,controldevices,impoundingsystems,electricalsystems,securitydevices,firecontrolequipment,andcommunicationequipment.3.3.5Container.Avesselforstoringliquefiednaturalgas.3.3.5.1DoubleContainmentContainer.Asinglecontain-mentcontainersurroundedbyandwithin20ft(6m)ofanopeningtotheatmospherewall(secondarycontainer)anddesignedtocontainLNGintheeventofaspillfromtheprimaryorinnercontainer.

3.3.5.2FrozenGroundContainer.Acontainerinwhichthemaximumliquidlevelisbelowthenormalsurroundinggrade,thatisconstructedessentiallyofnaturalmaterials,suchasearthandrock,thatisdependentonthefreezingofwater-saturatedearthmaterials,andthathasappropriatemethodsformaintainingitstightnessorthatisimperviousbynature.

3.3.5.3FullContainmentContainer.Acontainerinwhichtheinner(primary)containerissurroundedbyasecond-arycontainerdesignedtocontainLNGintheeventofaspillfromtheinnercontainerandwherethesecondarycontainerisenclosedbyasteelorconcreteroofdesignedsuchthatexcessvaporcausedbyaspillofLNGfromtheprimarycontainerwilldischargethroughthereliefvalves.3.3.5.4MembraneContainer.Acontainerthathasanon-self-supportingthinlayer(membrane)innertankthatissupportedthroughinsulationbyanoutertank.

3.3.5.5PrestressedConcreteContainer.Aconcretecontainerinwhichthestressescreatedbythedifferentloadsorload-ingcombinationsdonotexceedtheallowablestresses.3.3.5.6SingleContainmentContainer.AsinglewallcontaineroradoublewallcontainerwhereonlytheprimaryorinnercontainerisdesignedtocontainLNG.

3.3.6ControllableEmergency.Anemergencywhereoperatoractioncanminimizeharmtopeopleorproperty.

3.3.7DesignPressure.Thepressureusedinthedesignofequipment,acontainer,orapressurevesselforthepurposeofdeterminingtheminimumallowablethicknessorphysi-calcharacteristicsofitsparts.

3.3.8Dike.Astructureusedtoestablishanimpoundingareaorcontainment.[52,2006]

Chapter3Definitions

3.1General.Thedefinitionscontainedinthischaptershallapplytothetermsusedinthisstandard.Wheretermsarenotdefinedinthischapterorwithinanotherchapter,theyshallbedefinedusingtheirordinarilyacceptedmeaningswithinthecontextinwhichtheyareused.Merriam-Webster’sCollegiateDictionary,11thedition,shallbethesourcefortheordinarilyacceptedmeaning.

3.2NFPAOfficialDefinitions.

3.2.1*Approved.Acceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdic-tion.

3.2.2*AuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ).Anorganization,office,orindividualresponsibleforenforcingtherequirementsofacodeorstandard,orforapprovingequipment,materials,aninstallation,oraprocedure.

3.2.3Shall.Indicatesamandatoryrequirement.

3.2.4Should.Indicatesarecommendationorthatwhichisadvisedbutnotrequired.

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59A–8PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

3.3.9Failsafe.Adesignfeaturethatprovidesforthemainte-nanceofsafeoperatingconditionsintheeventofamalfunctionofcontroldevicesoraninterruptionofanenergysource.3.3.10FiredEquipment.Anyequipmentinwhichthecom-bustionoffuelstakesplace.

3.3.11FlameSpreadIndex.AnumberobtainedaccordingtoNFPA255,StandardMethodofTestofSurfaceBurningCharacteris-ticsofBuildingMaterials.[220,2006]

3.3.12*G.Thenormalorstandardconstantofgravity.3.3.13HazardousFluid.Aliquidorgasthatisflammable,toxic,orcorrosive.

3.3.14ImpoundingArea.AnareadefinedthroughtheuseofdikesorthesitetopographyforthepurposeofcontaininganyaccidentalspillofLNGorflammablerefrigerants.

3.3.15LiquefiedNaturalGas(LNG).Afluidinthecryogenicliquidstatethatiscomposedpredominantlyofmethaneandthatcancontainminorquantitiesofethane,propane,ornitrogen.[52,2006]

3.3.16LNGPlant.Afacilitywhosecomponentscanbeusedtostore,condition,liquefy,orvaporizenaturalgas.

3.3.17MaximumAllowableWorkingPressure.Themaximumgauge--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---pressurepermissibleatthetopofcompletedequip-ment,acontainer,oravesselinitsoperatingpositionforadesigntemperature.

3.3.18Model.Amathematicalcharacterizationintendedtopredictaphysicalphenomenon.

3.3.19NoncombustibleMaterial.Amaterialthat,intheforminwhichitisusedandundertheconditionsanticipated,willnotignite,burn,supportcombustion,orreleaseflammablevaporswhensubjectedtofireorheat.Materialsthatarere-portedaspassingASTME136,StandardTestMethodforBehaviorofMaterialsinaVerticalTubeFurnaceat750°C,shallbeconsid-erednoncombustiblematerials.

3.3.20Out-of-Service.Thedeactivationofacomponentforanypurpose,includingrepairsorinspections.3.3.21TankVehicle.See3.3.3,CargoTankVehicle.

3.3.22*TransferArea.Theportionofaliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)plantcontainingapipingsystemwhereLNG,flam-mableliquids,orflammablerefrigerantsareintroducedintoorremovedfromtheplantorwherepipingconnectionsareconnectedordisconnectedroutinely.

3.3.23TransitionJoint.Aconnectorfabricatedoftwoormoremetalsusedtoeffectivelyjoinpipingsectionsoftwodif-ferentmaterialsthatarenotamenabletotheusualweldingorjoiningtechniques.3.3.24Vaporizer.

3.3.24.1AmbientVaporizer.Avaporizerthatderivesitsheatfromnaturallyoccurringheatsources,suchastheatmo-sphere,seawater,orgeothermalwaters.

3.3.24.2HeatedVaporizer.Avaporizerthatderivesitsheatfromthecombustionoffuel,electricpower,orwasteheat,suchasfromboilersorinternalcombustionengines.3.3.24.2.1IntegralHeatedVaporizer.Aheatedvaporizerinwhichtheheatsourceisintegraltotheactualvaporizingexchanger(includingsubmergedcombustionvaporizers).

2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

3.3.24.2.2inactualwhichtheRemoteprimaryHeatedheatVaporizer.sourceisAheatedvaporizer(e.g.,transportwater,vaporizingmedium.

steam,exchanger,isopentane,andglycol)anseparatedintermediatefromisusedasthefluidtheheat3.3.24.3fromProcessVaporizer.AvaporizerthatlizetheanotherrefrigerationthermodynamicoftheLNG.

orchemicalderivesprocessitstoheatuti-3.3.25requiredWatertofillCapacityacontainer.The[amount52,2006]

ofwaterat60°F(16°C)Chapter4GeneralRequirements

4.1tion,Trainingofhazardshandling,andpropertiesandPersonnel.storagePersonsofLNG.ofLNGengagedshallbeintrainedtheproduc-inthe4.2TrainingPlan.

4.2.1toinstructEveryalloperatingLNGplantplantpersonnel.

shallhaveawrittentrainingplan4.2.1.1gencyasproceduresThetrainingthatplanrelateshalltoincludecarryingouttheemer-providingsetoutinfirsttheaid.

proceduremanualtheirreferreddutiesattotheinLNG14.2.1plantand4.2.1.2maintenance,Thetrainingplanshallincludetrainingspecttothefollowing:

operating,andsupervisorypersonnelofpermanentwithre-(1)(2)TheThehazardouscharacteristicsbasicoperationsandcarriedpotentialoutattheLNGplant

LNGfluidsinvolvedinoperatinghazardsandofmaintainingLNGandother

the(3)canMethodsresultplant,fromincludingcontactthewithseriousLNGdangerfromfrostbitethatoperatingofcarryingouttheirdutiesorcoldofrefrigerants

maintainingand

atingandmaintenancetheLNGplantassetoutinthemanualofoper-(4)and13.18.4

proceduresreferredtoin13.18.2(5)LNGFirecontrolprevention,transferprocedures

causesplanoftheincludingLNGplant,familiarizationfirefighting,withthethefire

(6)likelyoffireinanLNGplant,andthetypes,sizes,potentialandRecognitionconsequencesobtainofsituationsofafirewhenatanitLNGplant

LNGplantassistanceinordertomaintainwouldthebesecuritynecessaryoftheto

4.2.2personnelEachLNGfacilityshallhaveawrittenplantokeepthesystems,refresherfireatexceed2years.

trainingprevention,itsLNGplantup-to-dateonthefunctionoftheshallbeandrequiredsecurityatatintervalstheLNGthatplant,doandnot4.2.3ployeeAatofrecordanLNGofplant,alltrainingandtheshallrecordsbemaintainedshallbeforeachem-ployedleastat2yearstheLNGafterplant.

thedatethattheemployeeceasesmaintainedtobeem-for4.2.4requirements:

AllLNGplantpersonnelshallmeetthefollowing(1)LNGinSectionplant4.2.

personnelshallreceivethetrainingreferredto

(2)LNGtheirassignedplantpersonnelduties.

shallhaveexperiencerelatedto

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PLANTSITINGANDLAYOUT59A–9

4.2.5Anypersonwhohasnotcompletedthetrainingorre-ceivedexperiencesetoutinSection4.2shallbeunderthecontroloftrainedpersonnel.4.3CorrosionControlOverview.

4.3.1Componentsshallnotbeconstructed,repaired,replaced,orsignificantlyaltereduntilaqualifiedpersonreviewstheappli-cabledesigndrawingsandmaterialsspecificationsfromacorro-sioncontrolviewpointanddeterminesthatthematerialsin-volvedwillnotimpairthesafetyorreliabilityofthecomponentoranyassociatedcomponents.

4.3.2Therepair,replacement,orsignificantalterationofcom-ponentsshallbereviewedonlyiftheactiontobetakeninvolvesorisduetooneofthefollowing:

(1)Achangeintheoriginalmaterialsspecified(2)Afailurecausedbycorrosion

(3)Aninspectionthatrevealsasignificantdeteriorationof

thecomponentduetocorrosion4.4ControlCenter.

4.4.1EachLNGplant,otherthanthosecomplyingwithChapter13,shallhaveacontrolcenterfromwhichoperationsandwarningdevicesaremonitoredasrequiredbySection4.4.4.4.2Acontrolcentershallhavethefollowingcapabilitiesandcharacteristics:

(1)Itshallbelocatedapartfromorbeprotectedfromother

LNGfacilitiessothatitisoperationalduringacontrol-lableemergency.

(2)Eachremotelyactuatedcontrolsystemandeachauto-maticshutdowncontrolsystemrequiredbythisstandardshallbeoperablefromthecontrolcenter.

(3)Eachcontrolcentershallhavepersonnelinattendance

whileanyofthecomponentsunderitscontrolareinop-eration,unlesseitherthecontrolisbeingperformedfromanothercontrolcenterthathaspersonnelinatten-danceorthefacilityhasanautomaticemergencyshut-downsystem.

(4)IfmorethanonecontrolcenterislocatedatanLNGplant,

eachcontrolcentershallhavemorethanonemeansofcom-municationwitheveryothercenter.

(5)Eachcontrolcentermusthaveameansofcommunicat-ingawarningofhazardousconditionstootherlocationswithintheplantfrequentedbypersonnel.4.5SourcesofPower.

4.5.1Electricalcontrolsystems,meansofcommunication,emergencylighting,andfire-fightingsystemsshallhaveatleasttwosourcesofpowerthatfunctionsothatfailureofonesourcedoesnotaffectthecapabilityoftheothersource.4.5.2Whereauxiliarygeneratorsareusedasasecondsourceofelectricalpower,thefollowingshallapply:

(1)Theyshallbelocatedapartfromorbeprotectedfrom

componentssothattheyarenotunusableduringacon-trollableemergency.

(2)Thefuelsupplyshallbeprotectedfromhazards.4.6Records.

4.6.1Eachplantshallhavearecordofmaterialsofconstruc-tionforcomponents,buildings,foundations,andsupportsys-temsusedforcontainmentofLNGandflammablefluids.

4.6.2Therecordsshallverifythatthematerialpropertiesmeettherequirementsofthisstandard.

4.6.3Therecordsshallbemaintainedforthelifeofthecom-ponents,buildings,foundations,andsupportsystems.

Chapter5PlantSitingandLayout

5.1*PlantSiteProvisions.

5.1.1Awrittensiteevaluationaddressingthefollowingfactorsshallbepreparedandmadeavailabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdictionuponrequest:(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)

PotentialincidentsandmitigatingmeasuresAdjacentactivities

Severeweatherpatternsovera100-yearperiodOthernaturalhazardsSecurity

5.1.2All-weatheraccessibilitytotheplantforpersonnelsafetyandfireprotectionshallbeprovidedexceptwherepro-visionsforpersonnelsafetyandfireprotectionareprovidedonthesiteinaccordancewithChapter12.

5.1.3SitepreparationshallincludeprovisionsforretentionofspilledLNG,flammablerefrigerants,andflammableliquidswithinthelimitsofplantpropertyandforsurfacewaterdrainage.5.1.4*Soilandgeneralinvestigationsofthesiteshallbemadetodeterminethedesignbasisforthefacility.5.2SiteProvisionsforSpillandLeakControl.5.2.1General.

5.2.1.1ProvisionsshallbemadetominimizethepossibilityoftheaccidentaldischargeofLNGatcontainersendangeringadjoiningpropertyorimportantprocessequipmentandstruc-turesorreachingwaterways,inaccordancewithoneofthefollowingmethods:

(1)Animpoundingareasurroundingthecontainer(s)thatis

formedbyanaturalbarrier,dike,impoundingwall,orcom-binationthereofcomplyingwithSections5.2and5.3

(2)Animpoundingareaformedbyanaturalbarrier,dike,exca-vation,impoundingwall,orcombinationthereofcomplyingwithSections5.2and5.3plusanaturalorman-madedrain-agesystemsurroundingthecontainer(s)thatcomplieswithSections5.2and5.3

(3)Wherethecontainerisconstructedbeloworpartiallybe-lowthesurroundinggrade,animpoundingareaformedbyexcavationcomplyingwithSections5.2and5.35.2.1.2Thefollowingareasshallbegraded,drained,orpro-videdwithimpoundmentinamannerthatminimizesthepossi-bilityofaccidentalspillsandleaksthatcouldendangerimportantstructures,equipment,oradjoiningpropertyorthatcouldreachwaterways:

(1)Processareas

(2)Vaporizationareas

(3)TransferareasforLNG,flammablerefrigerants,andflam-mableliquids

(4)Areasimmediatelysurroundingflammablerefrigerantand

flammableliquidstoragetanks5.2.1.3Ifimpoundingareasalsoarerequiredinordertocomplywith5.1.3,suchareasshallbeinaccordancewithSections5.2and5.3.

2006Edition

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59A–10PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)5.2.1.4adjoiningTheorpropertyprovisionsorwaterwaysof5.1.3,5.2.1.1,shalland5.2.1.2thatapplytowherealteredatthediscretionoftheauthoritybepermittedhavingtojurisdictionbewaivedpropertythetional,provincial,orchangeconflictdoesandwithnotlocal)applicableconstituteadistincthazardtolifeorregulations.

federal,state,andlocal(na-5.2.1.5tanksFlammableliquidandflammablerefrigerantstorageingarea.

shallnotbelocatedwithinanLNGcontainerimpound-5.2.2Capacity.

ImpoundingAreaandDrainageSystemDesignand5.2.2.1afollowing:

minimumImpounding--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---volumetricareasholdingservingcapacity,LNGcontainersV,thatisoneshallofhavethe(1)Foranimpoundmentservinga(2)110For100anpercentpercentimpoundmentoftheLNGtank’smaximumsingletank,liquidVcapacity.equals

ofalltanksservingor110morepercentthanofonetank,Vequals

(3)maximumIfofthecatastrophicdikeliquidisdesignedcapacity,failure,towhicheverisgreater.

thelargesttank’sVequalsaccount100forpercent.asurgeintheevent

5.2.2.2cess,ImpoundingcapacityorLNGtransferareasareasshallthatservehaveaonlyminimumvaporization,volumetricpro-frigerant,equalareaorflammabletothegreatestliquidvolumethatcanofbeLNG,flammablere-leakageduringmonstrablesourcea10-minuteorduringaperiodshorterfromtimeanydischargedperiodsinglebasedaccidentalintotheonde-totheauthoritysurveillancehavingjurisdiction.

andshutdownprovisionsacceptable5.2.2.3itedLNGexceptEnclosedwheredrainagetheyarechannelsusedforLNGshallbeprohib-patedawayliquidfromflowcriticalandvaporareasformationandtheytorapidlyarerates.

sizedconductforthespilledantici-5.2.2.4rapidlyWhereenclosedcontainerdowncomersareusedtoshalltionrates.

beconductsizedforspilledtheanticipatedLNGawayliquidfromflowcriticalandvaporareas,forma-they5.2.2.5requirements:

Dikesandimpoundingwallsshallmeetthefollowing(1)Dikes(2)pactedandDikesearth,impoundingconcrete,wallsmetal,shallorotherbeconstructedmaterials.

ofcom-(3)againstshallDikes,thecontainer,bemountedorintegralindependenttotheofcontainer,installed

etrationsimpoundinghydrostaticthereofshallwalls,bedrainagedesignedsystems,thecontainer.andanypen-erant,thetheeffectheadofofimpoundedtowithstandthefullrapidLNGorflammablerefrig-(4)andliquidWherenaturaltobeconfined,coolinganyanticipatedtothetemperaturefireexposure,ofthetheouterforces,shellsuchofasadouble-wallearthquakes,tankwind,andrain.(5)outerrequirementsWhereshellorasof5.2.1.1,thedikeshallcompliesbeeitherwith

thecantionalbetheaffectedcontainmentspecifiedbyaninnerintegrityin5.2.1.1.

tankfailureofsuchmode,anouteranaddi-shell

quirementsimpoundingof5.2.1.1areashallthatbeprovided.otherwisesatisfiesthere-5.2.2.6signedsecondaryandDoubleandfullcontainmentcontainersshallbede-containthecontainerconstructedLNGforthefire,suchdurationthethatsecondaryinthecaseofthefire.

containerofaspillwallandwill2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

(A)aryventcontainerInthecasewallofshallafireretainconfinedtotheinnertank,thesecond-primarycollapse,container.

whichcancausesufficientdamagestructuraltoandleakageintegrityfromtopre-the(B)thatTheofinthetankscaseofshallafirealsoinbethedesignedprimaryorandsecondaryconstructedsuchcientanadjacentdamagestructuraltank,toandleakageintegritythesecondaryfromtopreventcontainertheprimarycollapse,shallcontainer.

whichretaincontainercancausesuffi-5.2.2.7pipepenetrationsDoubleandbelowfullcontainmenttheliquidlevel.

containersshallhaveno5.2.2.8flammableDikes,impoundingwalls,anddrainagechannelsFlammableandliquidCombustiblecontainmentLiquidsshallCode.

conformtoNFPAfor30,5.2.2.9fromdeterminedcontainersThedikeinaccordanceoperatingorimpoundingatwith15wallheightandthedistanceFigurepsi(1005.2.2.9.

kPa)orlessshallbeMaximum liquid levelYContainerYXXDike or impounding wallNotes:

• X is the distance from the inner wall of the container to the closest face of the dike or impounding wall.

• Y is the distance from the maximum liquid level in the container to the top of the dike or impounding wall.

• X shall equal or exceed the sum of Y plus the equivalent head in LNG of the pressure in the vapor space above the liquid.

Exception: When the height of the dike or impounding wall is equal to or greater than the maximum liquid level, X may have any value.

FIGUREContainers.

5.2.2.9DikeorImpoundmentWallProximityto5.2.2.10WaterRemoval.

5.2.2.10.1allareasdrainImpoundmentcompletelytoareaspreventshallbewaterconstructedcollection.suchthat(A)waterDrainagefromcollectingpumpsandinthepipingimpoundmentshallbeprovidedarea.

toprevent(B)ingImpoundingsystemsshallhavesumppumpsandpip-sumprunningbasin.

overthediketoremovewatercollectinginthe5.2.2.10.2removeThewaterremovalsystemshallhavecapacitystormthedesignofwateraof10-yearataminimumthedikefrequencyofdoesnotand25percentoftheratefromtoaallow1-hourtheentranceduration,ofexceptrainfall.if5.2.2.10.3Sumppumpsforwaterremovalshallbeasfollows:(1)Operateddryaspractical

asnecessarytokeeptheimpoundingspaceas

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PLANTSITINGANDLAYOUT59A–11

(2)Ifsumppumpsaredesignedforautomaticoperation,

haveredundantautomaticshutdowncontrolstopreventoperationwhenLNGispresent5.2.3ImpoundingAreaSiting.

5.2.3.1TheprovisionsofSection5.3shallnotapplytoim-poundingareasthatserveonlytransferareasatthewater’sedgeofmarineterminals.

5.2.3.2ThermalradiationfluxfromafireshallnotexceedthelimitslistedinTable5.2.3.2whenatmosphericconditionsare0(zero)windspeed,70°F(21°C)temperature,and50per-centrelativehumidity.

Table5.2.3.2ThermalRadiationFluxLimitstoPropertyLinesandOccupanciesThermalRadiationFluxBtu/hr/ft21,6001,600

W/m25,0005,000

Exposure

ApropertylinethatcanbebuiltuponforignitionofadesignspillaThenearestpointlocatedoutsidetheowner’spropertylinethat,atthetimeofplantsiting,isusedforoutdoorassemblybygroupsof50ormorepersonsforafireinanimpoundingareabThenearestpointofthebuildingorstructureoutsidetheowner’s

propertylinethatisinexistenceatthetimeofplantsitingandusedforassembly,educational,healthcare,detentionandcorrection,orresidentialoccupanciesforafireinanimpoundingareab,cApropertylinethatcanbebuiltuponforafireoveranimpoundingareab(2)Amodelthatincorporatesthefollowing:

(a)Impoundmentconfiguration,windspeedanddirec-tion,humidity,andatmospherictemperature

(b)Validationbyexperimentaltestdataappropriatefor

thesizeandconditionsofthehazardtobeevaluated(c)Acceptancebytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction

(3)Wheretheratioofthemajorandminordimensionsofthe

impoundmentdoesnotexceed2,thefollowingformula:

d=FAwhere:

d=distancefromtheedgeofimpoundedLNG

[ft(m)]

F=fluxcorrelationfactorequaltothefollowing:

3.0for1600Btu/(hr·ft2)2.0for3000Btu/(hr·ft2)0.8for10,000Btu/(hr·ft2)

A=surfaceareaofimpoundedLNG[ft2(m2)]

5.2.3.4ThespacingofanLNGtankimpoundmenttothepropertylinethatcanbebuiltuponshallbesuchthat,intheeventofanLNGspillasspecifiedin5.2.3.5,anaveragecon-centrationofmethaneinairof50percentofthelowerflam-mabilitylimit(LFL)doesnotextendbeyondthepropertylinethatcanbebuiltupon,inaccordancewithcalculationsusingoneofthefollowing:

3,0009,000

10,00030,000

(1)ThemodeldescribedinGRIReport0242,“LNGVapor

DispersionPredictionwiththeDEGADISDenseGasDis-persionModel”

(2)Amodelthatincorporatesthefollowing:

(a)PhysicalfactorsinfluencingLNGvapordispersion,

including,butnotlimitedto,gravityspreading,heattransfer,humidity,windspeedanddirection,atmo-sphericstability,buoyancy,andsurfaceroughness(b)Validationbyexperimentaltestdataappropriatefor

thesizeandconditionsofthehazardtobeevaluated(c)Acceptancebytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction(A)Thecomputeddistancesshallincludecalculationsbasedononeofthefollowing:

(1)Thecombinationofwindspeedandatmosphericstability

thatcanoccursimultaneouslyandresultinthelongestpre-dictabledownwinddispersiondistancethatisexceededlessthan10percentofthetime

(2)ThePasquill-Giffordatmosphericstability,CategoryF,witha

4.5mph(2m/sec)windspeed(B)Thecomputeddistancesshallbebasedontheactualliquidcharacteristicsandthemaximumvaporoutflowratefromthevaporcontainmentvolume(thevaporgenerationrateplusthedisplacementduetoliquidinflow).

(C)Theeffectsofprovisionsfordetainingvapororotherwisemitigatingflammablevaporhazards(e.g.,impoundingsur-faceinsulation,watercurtains,orothermethods)shallbeper-mittedtobeconsideredinthecalculationwhereacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.

(D)Whereprovisionsfordetainingvaporormitigatingflam-mablevaporhazardsareused,suchasimpoundingsurfaceinsu-lation,watercurtains,orothermethods,theyshallbeapproved.5.2.3.5ThedesignspillshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithTable5.2.3.5.

See5.2.3.5fordesignspill.

Therequirementsforimpoundingareasarelocatedin5.2.2.1.cSeeNFPA101,LifeSafetyCode,orNFPA5000,BuildingConstructionandSafetyCode,fordefinitionsofoccupancies.

ba5.2.3.3Thermalradiationdistancesshallbecalculatedinac-cordancewithoneofthefollowing:

(1)TheGasResearchInstitute’sGRIReport0176,“LNG-FIRE:AThermalRadiationModelforLNGFires,”whichisalsoavailableasthe“LNGFIREIII”computermodelproducedbyGRI,oralternativemodelsthattakeintoac-countthesamephysicalfactorsandhavebeenvalidatedbyexperimentaltestdataasfollows:

(a)Incalculatingexclusiondistances,thewindspeed

producingthemaximumexclusiondistancesshallbeusedexceptforwindspeedsthatoccurlessthan5percentofthetimebasedonrecordeddataforthearea.

(b)Incalculatingexclusiondistances,theambienttem-peratureandrelativehumiditythatproducethemaximumexclusiondistancesshallbeusedexceptforvaluesthatoccurlessthan5percentofthetimebasedonrecordeddataforthearea.

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Table5.2.3.5DesignSpill

ContainerPenetrationDesignSpillDesignSpillDurationContainersthewithAspillUsethefollowingformula:shutoffliquidpenetrationsbelowvalveslevelwithoutinternalandthroughanassumedopeningat,belowequalq=4d2largestthe3hcontainerflowliquidinareato,thatpenetrationfromlevelaninitiallyresultingfullintheuntilIfmoreopeningtheisdifferential0.headactingontheimpoundingthanonecontainerintheForSIunits,usethefollowingformula:withthelargestarea,flow.usethecontainerq=1.06210,000dhuntilopeningtheisdifferential0.headactingontheContainersnopenetrationswithover-the-topfill,withThecouldlargestflowfromanyThelevelbelowtheliquidareabepumpedintothesingleimpoundinglinethatcouldlargestflowfromanysinglelinepump(s)withareathefull-ratedconsideredthecontainercapacitytowithdrawalbedeliveringpump(s)withbepumpedintotheimpoundingthatcapacity(1)Forasdeliveringthecontainerthewithdrawalfullratedshutdown10minutesfollows:ifsurveillanceandapprovedbyisdemonstratedtheauthorityhavingand(2)jurisdictionForcontainerthetimeneededtoemptyafullshutdownwhereisnotapprovedsurveillanceandContainerstheliquidwithlevelpenetrationswithbelowTheandflowthroughUsethefollowingformula:shutoffq=49.3.2.5valvesinaccordanceinternalwithbelowequalinareaanto,assumedopeningat,intheliquidlevelthatthatpenetrationcouldresult3d2hcontainerthelargestflowfromaninitiallyfullForSIunits,usethefollowingformula:q=1.06210,000dhfor10minutes.Impoundingvaporization,areasservingonlyThetransferareasprocess,orLNGleakageflowfromsourceanysingleaccidentalForon10shutdowndemonstrableminutesorforashortertimebasedauthorityhavingprovisionssurveillancejurisdictionacceptableandtotheFullwithordoubleconcretecontainmentsecondarycontainerscontainersNodesignspillNoneNote:q=flowrate[ft3/min(m3/min)]ofliquid;d=diameter[in.(mm)]oftankpenetrationbelowtheliquidlevel;h=height[ft(m)]ofliquidabovepenetrationinthecontainerwhenthecontainerisfull.

5.2.3.6thatLNGcontainerimpounding(3)not(4)GasManualdetection

operationfrombothalocalandaremotelocationthatcausetheheatfluxfromafireovertheareasimpoundingshallbelocatedareashallsocouldmajorpreventstructuralitsmovement.

damagetoanyLNGmarinecarrier(A)tainerThe5.2.3.7strainaspracticalappurtenancesandshallbeinstalledasclosetothecon-(265Containerswithanaggregatestorageretainingoccurssothatabreakresultingfromexternaldancem3with)orlessononesiteshallbeinstalledeitherof70,000inaccor-galtheappurtenance.

intactonthethevalvepipingandsidepipingoftheontheappurtenancecontainersidewhileofconnections5.2.3orinaccordancewithTable5.2.4.1whereallsignedtocloseareunderequippedanyofwiththefollowingautomaticconditions:failsafevalvesde-(B)beConnectionsusedonlyforflowintothe(1)flowequippedcheckvalves.

withanautomaticfailsafevalveorcontainerwithtwoback-shall(2)FireExcessdetection

lossoflineflowpressureofLNGorfromotherthemeans

container,asmeasuredby

(C)nectionsAutomaticforrelieffailsafevalvesvalvesandinstrumentshallnotbevalves.

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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--PLANTSITINGANDLAYOUT59A–13

(D)shallThebeintype,accordancequantity,withandthelocationrequirementsofthedetectionofChapterdevices12.5.2.5VaporizerSpacing.

5.2.5.15.2.3.8theirVaporizersusingflammableheatuidfromprimaryanyotherheatsourcesourcesofignition.

shallbelocatedattransferleast50fluidsft(15andm)edgetoaThepropertydistancelinefromthatcanthebenearestbuiltedgeuponoforimpoundedfromtheliq-shallnotofabenavigablelessthanwaterway50ft(15m).asdefinedbyfederalregulationsnear(A)tion,Wheremore5.2.4ContainerSpacing.

consideredanadjacenttobevaporizerthanonevaporizerisinstalledatoneloca-asourceoforignition.

primaryheatsourceshallnotbe5.2.4.1(B)tainersnotProcessheatersorotherunitsoffiredequipmentshallsuresvaporizerbeconsideredoperatedsitingiftobesourcesofignitionwithrespecttoapprovalshallorThetanksminimumbeincontainingseparationaccordanceflammabledistancebetweenLNGcon-withTablerefrigerants5.2.4.1orandwithexpo-tanceoftheauthorityhavingjurisdictionatashorterthedis-systemsonryfrombutatbuildingsleast10ftor(3.0wallsm)constructedfromanybuildingofconcreteopenings.orma-cooledservingwhiledown.

theatheyvaporizerareinterlockedsothattheycannotbevaporizerisisoperatingeithercooledorwhiledowntheorpipingbeing5.2.4.25.2.5.2secondaryDouble100incidentcontainersandfullshallcontainmenthaveaseparationcontainersdistancewithtoconcrete5.2.5.4)ft(30Integralandm)atfromheatedleasta50propertyvaporizersft(15m)linefromthatshallthecanbelocatedatleastfollowing:

bebuiltupon(seesecondarythermalcontainerradiationofanadjacentfluxfromtankafireaswithinfollows:

theprimarylimittheor(1)Any(1)liquidimpounded(2)SteelConcretewallandwalls:roofs:95,00047,000Btu/ftBtu/ft22/hr(30,000/hr(15,000W/mW/m22))anyother(see5.2.4)LNG,flammablerefrigerant,orflammable

sourceoroftheaccidentalpathsofdischargetravelofsuchandfluidsthebetween(A)beTheambientconditionsfor(2)ingLNG,area

impound-humidity)basedontheconditions(temperature,thermalwindradiationspeed,fluxshallmableflammableliquid,producewithintherangeexpectedforthesite,calculatedrelativetoequipmentgasstoragecontainersflammableortanks;refrigerant,unfiredorprocessflam-structure.

thehighesttemperatureinthesecondarycontainer(3)loadingControlconnectionscontainingusedsuchinfluids;orloadingandun-(B)importantbuildings,plantstructuresoffices,shops,thetransferandotherofoccupiedsuchfluidsor

usedAintowaterlimitthespraythermalordelugesystemshallbepermittedtobe5.2.5.3eternoofeventthelargestshallthetank.

separationradiationdistancefluxontobelessthethanstructure,thediam-butshallcomplyHeaterswithor5.2.5.2.

heatsourcesofremoteheatedvaporizers5.2.4.35.2.5.4foraccessAtoclearallspaceisolationofatvalvesleastserving3ft(0.9multiplem)shallcontainers.beprovidedbebelocatedRemotebuiltupon.

atleastheated,100ftambient,(30m)fromandaprocesspropertyvaporizerslinethatshallcan5.2.4.4LNGcontainersbelocatedofingreaterbuildings.

than125gal(0.5m3pacityshallnot)ca-5.2.5.5havingaVcapacityaporizersofused70,000ingalconjunction(265m3)orwithlessLNGshallcontainersbelocated

Table5.2.4.1DistancesfromContainersandExposures

EdgeMinimumofImpoundmentDistancefromorMinimumContainerWaterCapacitySystemContainerThatCantoPropertyDrainageBeBuiltUpon

LinesBetweenDistanceContainersStoragegalm3ft

ftm<125*501–2000125–500≥0.5–1.9<0.510001≥1531.50.318,001–30,0002001–18,000254.61.50.461.50.4630,001–70,000>70,000

≥≥≥1.9–7.6114–26563–1147.6–63507.65

0.460.46

>265

0.775151⁄4diametertimesthe23ofthesumofthethan100butcontainerft(30notm)

lessadjacentdiametersof[5minimum]

ft(1.5containers

m)*Iftheaggregatewatercapacityofamultiplecontainerinstallationis501gal(1.9m3)orgreater,theminimumdistanceshallcomplywiththeappropriateportionofthistable,applyingtheaggregatecapacityratherthanthecapacitypercontainer.Ifmorethanoneinstallationismade,eachinstallationshallbeseparatedfromanyotherinstallationbyatleast25ft(7.6m).Donotapplyminimumdistancesbetweenadjacentcontainerstosuchinstallation.

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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--59A–14PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

withassumingrespectthelargestthetocontainervaporizerthepropertylineinaccordancewithTable5.2.4.1,totowhichbeaitcontainerisconnected.

withacapacityequalto5.2.5.6betweenAvaporizers.

clearanceofatleast5ft(1.5m)shallbemaintained5.2.6--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ProcessEquipmentSpacing.

5.2.6.1flammableProcess50liquids,equipmentcontainingLNG,refrigerants,beftpiedbuilt(15structures.

upon,m)fromcontrolsourcesorflammablegasesshallbelocatedatleastcenters,ofignition,offices,ashops,propertyandlineotherthatoccu-can5.2.6.2flammableWherecontrolcentersarelocatedinabuildinghousingplywith5.3.1.

gascompressors,thebuildingconstructionshallcom-5.2.6.3beFiredequipmentandcontainerlocateddrainageatleast50system.

ft(15m)otherfromanysourcesimpoundingofignitionareashallor5.2.7LoadingandUnloadingFacilitySpacing.

5.2.7.1beAiswaterway.

atlocatedpierleast100sothatordockusedforpipelinetransferofLNGshallft(30anym)marinefromvesselanybridgebeingcrossingloadedoraunloadednavigable5.2.7.2200ft(61Them)loadingfromsuchoraunloadingbridge.

manifoldshallbeatleast5.2.7.3ingLNGandflammablerefrigeranttrolledconnectionsshallbeatleast50ft(15loadingm)fromandunload-uncon-controlsourcesportantbuildings,ofignition,offices,shops,processandareas,otherstorageoccupiedcontainers,ciatedwithplantthestructurestransferoperation.unlesstheequipmentisdirectlyorasso-im-5.3BuildingsandStructures.

5.3.1mableBuildingsorstructuralenclosuresinwhichLNG,flam-ofbearinglightweight,refrigerants,walls.

noncombustibleandflammableconstructiongasesarehandledwithnon–load-shallbe5.3.2catedhandledwithinIfroomscontainingLNGandflammablefluidsarelo-limitedstaticto(e.g.,ornocontrolattachedmorethancenters,tobuildingsinwhichsuchfluidsarenottwo,shops),shallbethedesignedcommonwallsshallbeotherpressureofatleast100psf(4.8kPa),shallhavetowithstandnoaratingcommunicatingofatleast1hour.

openings,andshallhaveafireresistancedoorsor5.3.3mableBuildingsventilatedrefrigerants,orstructuralandflammableenclosuresgasesinarewhichhandledLNG,shallflam-betionstominimizethepossibilityofhazardousaccumula-throughofflammable5.3.3.4.

gasesorvapors,inaccordancewith5.3.3.15.3.3.1ofthefollowing:

Ventilationshallbepermittedtobebymeansofone(1)(2)AAcontinuouslyoperatingnonoperatingcombinationergizedmechanicalgravityventilationmechanicalventilationsystemventilationsystemandnormally

(3)bustiblebyAgascombustiblegasdetectorsinsystemtheeventthatiscom-en-ratedualisdetected

energizedratemechanicalisdetected

bygasdetectorsventilationinthesystemeventflammablewiththehigh

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(4)A(5)wallgravityOtheropeningsventilationapprovedandventilationroofsystemventilatorscomposedofacombinationof

systems

5.3.3.2supplementalIftheremechanicalarebasementsventilationorsystemdepressedshallfloorbeprovided.levels,a5.3.3.3Theventilation)ofratefloorshallarea.

beatleast1cfmofairperft2(5L/secofairperm25.3.3.4ofIfvaporsheavierthanaircanbepresent,aportionsuchthevapors.

ventilationshallbefromthelowestlevelexposedto5.3.4tionBuildingsbe5.3and5.3.2orshallstructuralbelocated,enclosuresornotcoveredbySec-gasesmade,orvapors.

tominimizethepossibilityprovisionofentryotherwiseofflammableshall5.3.5use,ation,forWherequirementsorserviceLNGforshallothermaintenanceportableequipmentisusedfortemporarybeshort-termduringmet:

applications,gassystemstherepairfollowingoralter-re-(1)LNGofTransportationtransportvehicles(DOT)complyingwithU.S.Department

(2)theAllsupplyrequirementsshallbeusedasleastportablecontainer.

LNGequipmentshallbe(3)theAllsafeoneoperationpersonqualifiedbyexperienceoperatedandtrainingbyinat

(4)qualifiedotherEachbyoperatingofpersonnel,thesesystems.

ataminimum,shallbe

ofsupervisoryinitialoperatortraining.

trainingshalltoprovideandimplementawrittenplan

LNGperature,usedpersonnelinstructinthecharacteristicsalldesignatedandoperatinghazardsandofboil-offflammabilityorhandledatofthemixturessite,includingwithlowLNGtem-spray;andthecharacteristics,potentialhazardsandreactiontoair,waterodorlessandvapor,watertopersonnelhowtocarryfunctionsouttheandemergencyinvolvedtoprovideproceduresinoperatingdetailedinstructionsthatactivities;relate(5)onProvisionsmobileLNGaccidentalshalloperations.

bemadetominimizethepossibilityof

adjoiningpropertydischargeofLNGatcontainersendangering(6)structuresPortableorororimportantprocessequipmentandtemporaryreachingsurfacewaterdrainage.

(7)mittedVaporizertobecontainmentmeansshallbeper-controlsused.

shallcomplywith8.3.1,8.3.2,and

(8)SectionEachshutoffheated8.4.

thevaporizerfuelsourceshallremotelybeprovidedandwithattheameansinstalledto

(9)location.

Equipment14.7.2,and12.3.4,Sectionoperationsshallcomplywith14.7.1,

12.3.5,11.9,and5.3.5(4),11.10.1,12.2.1,withtheSectionexception12.3,12.3.3,ofthe(10)clearanceThebeLNGdistancefacilityspacingprovisions.

porarymaintained,specifiedinTable5.2.4.1shall

whereserviceexceptwherenecessarytoprovidetem-sibleandclearancesonthefollowingspecifiedapublicadditionalinright-of-wayTablerequirements5.2.4.1oronarepropertyarenotmet:fea-(a)Trafficbarriersshallbeerected(b)facilityThemonitoroperationsubjecttoonallsidesofthe

shallpassingvehiculartraffic.

thefacility.

theoperationbewhenevercontinuouslyLNGattendedispresentto

atNot for Resale

PROCESSEQUIPMENT59A–15

(c)Ifthefacilityortheoperationcausesanyrestriction

tothenormalflowofvehiculartraffic,inadditiontothemonitoringpersonnelrequiredin5.3.5(10),flagpersonsshallbecontinuouslyondutytodirectsuchtraffic.

(11)Provisionshallbemadetominimizethepossibilityof

accidentalignitionintheeventofaleak.

(12)Portableorwheeledfireextinguishersrecommended

bytheirmanufacturerforgasfiresshallbeavailableatstrategiclocationsandshallbeprovidedandmain-tainedinaccordancewithNFPA10,StandardforPor-tableFireExtinguishers.

(13)Thesiteshallbecontinuouslyattended,andprovisions

shallbemadetorestrictpublicaccesstothesitewhen-everLNGispresent.5.3.6Ifodorizationisrequiredoftheemergencyfacility,therestrictionsof5.2.4.1shallnotapplytothelocationofodoriz-ingequipmentcontaining20gal(7.6L)offlammableodor-antorlesswithintheretentionsystem.5.4*DesignerandFabricatorCompetence.

5.4.1Supervisionshallbeprovidedforthefabricationofandfortheacceptancetestsoffacilitycomponentstotheextentnecessarytoensurethattheyarestructurallysoundandother-wiseincompliancewiththisstandard.

5.4.2*Soilandgeneralinvestigationsshallbemadetodeter-minetheadequacyoftheintendedsiteforthefacility.5.4.3Designers,fabricators,andconstructorsofLNGfacilityequipmentshallbecompetentinthedesign,fabrication,andconstructionofLNGcontainers,cryogenicequipment,pipingsystems,fireprotectionequipment,andothercomponentsofthefacility.

5.4.4Supervisionshallbeprovidedforthefabrication,con-struction,andacceptancetestsoffacilitycomponentstoverifythatthefacilitiesarestructurallysoundandotherwiseincom-pliancewiththisstandard.

5.5*SoilProtectionforCryogenicEquipment.LNGcontain-ers(see7.2.7),coldboxes,pipingandpipesupports,andothercryogenicapparatusshallbedesignedandconstructedtopre-ventdamagetothesestructuresandequipmentduetofreez-ingorfrostheavinginthesoil,ormeansshallbeprovidedtopreventdamagingforcesfromdeveloping.

5.6FallingIceandSnow.Measuresshallbetakentoprotectpersonnelandequipmentfromfallingiceorsnowthathasaccumulatedonhighstructures.5.7ConcreteMaterials.

5.7.1ConcreteusedforconstructionofLNGcontainersshallbeinaccordancewithSection7.4.

5.7.2ConcretestructuresthatarenormallyorperiodicallyincontactwithLNG,includingthefoundationsofcryogeniccon-tainers,shallbedesignedtowithstandthedesignload,applicableenvironmentalloadings,andanticipatedtemperatureeffects.5.7.2.1Thedesignofthestructuresshallbeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsof7.4.1.

5.7.2.2Thematerialsandconstructionshallbeinaccor-dancewiththeprovisionsof7.4.2.

5.7.3PipesupportsshallcomplywithSection9.4.

5.7.4OtherConcreteStructures.

5.7.4.1AllotherconcretestructuresshallbeinvestigatedfortheeffectsofpotentialcontactwithLNG.

5.7.4.2Iffailureofthesestructureswouldcreateahazardousconditionorworsenanexistingemergencyconditionbyexpo-suretoLNG,thestructuresshallbeprotectedtominimizetheeffectsofsuchexposure,ortheyshallcomplywith5.7.2.1or5.7.2.2.

5.7.5*Concreteforincidentalnonstructuraluses,suchasslopeprotectionandimpoundingareapaving,shallconformtoACI304R,GuideforMeasuring,Mixing,TransportationandPlacingofConcrete.

5.7.6Reinforcementshallbeaminimumof0.5percentofthecross-sectionalareaofconcreteforcrackcontrolinaccor-dancewithAppendixGofACI350,CodeRequirementsforEnvi-ronmentalEngineeringConcreteStructures.

5.7.7ConcretethatisnotconstantlyexposedtoLNGandthathasbeensubjectedtosuddenandunexpectedexposuretoLNGshallbeinspected,andrepairedifnecessary,assoonasispracticalafterithasreturnedtoambienttemperature.

Chapter6ProcessEquipment

6.1InstallationofProcessEquipment.Processsystemequip-mentcontainingLNG,flammablerefrigerants,orflammablegasesshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithoneofthefollowing:(1)Outdoors,foreaseofoperation,tofacilitatemanualfire

fighting,andtofacilitatedispersalofaccidentallyreleasedliquidsandgases

(2)Indoors,inenclosingstructuresthatcomplywithSection5.3

and5.3.26.2PumpsandCompressors.

6.2.1Pumpsandcompressorsshallbeconstructedofmateri-alsselectedforcompatibilitywiththedesigntemperatureandpressureconditions.

6.2.2Valvingshallbeinstalledsothateachpumporcompres-sorcanbeisolatedformaintenance.

6.2.3Wherepumpsorcentrifugalcompressorsareinstalledforoperationinparallel,eachdischargelineshallbeequippedwithacheckvalve.

6.2.4Pumpsandcompressorsshallbeprovidedwithapressure-relievingdeviceonthedischargetolimitthepressuretothemaximumdesignpressureofthecasinganddownstreampipingandequipment,unlesstheyaredesignedforthemaximumdis-chargepressureofthepumpsandcompressors.

6.2.5Eachpumpshallbeprovidedwithavent,reliefvalve,orboththatwillpreventoverpressuringofthepumpcaseduringthemaximumpossiblerateofcooldown.

6.3FlammableRefrigerantandFlammableLiquidStorage.In-stallationofstoragetanksforflammablerefrigerantsandliquidsshallcomplywithNFPA30,FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode;NFPA58,LiquefiedPetroleumGasCode;NFPA59,UtilityLP-GasPlantCode;API2510,DesignandConstructionofLiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPG)Installations;orSection5.2ofthisstandard.

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PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

6.4ProcessEquipment.

6.4.1--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---withCSAtheBoilersB51,ASMEshallBoiler,BoilerbePressureanddesignedVesselPressureandandVesselfabricatedPressureCodePiping,SectioninaccordanceCode.I,orwith6.4.2dancePressureDivisionwiththeASMEvesselsBoilershallbeanddesignedPressureVesselandfabricatedinaccor-PressurePiping1orDivisionCode,and2,orshallwithbeCSAcode-stamped.

B51,Boiler,CodePressure,SectionVesselVIII,and6.4.3fabricatedShellCodeVessel,SectioninandVIII,accordancetubeheatDivisionwithexchangersshallbedesignedand1,orthewithASMECSABoilerPressureVesselwithinandthePressurejurisdictionPipingoftheCodepressure,wherevesselsuchB51,code.

componentsBoiler,Pressurefall6.4.4*binesInstallationofinternalcombustiontonotexceeding7500horsepowerperenginesunitshallorconformgastur-CombustionNFPA37,EnginesStandardandforGastheTurbinesInstallation.

andUseofStationary6.4.5fromAboil-offandflashgas−handlingsystemseparatedisposalcontainerLNGcontainers.

ofvaporsreliefgeneratedvalvesshallinthebeprocessinstalledequipmentforthesafeand6.4.5.1spherement,orsoBoil-offadjacentthatitanddoesflashproperties,notgasescreateshallorintoahazarddischargeintotheatmo-aclosedtosystem.people,equip-6.4.5.2cannotinspirateTheboil-offairduringventingnormalsystemshalloperation.

bedesignedsothatit6.4.6processIfinternalvacuumconditionscanoccurinanypiping,pipingwithstandandvessels,equipmentcoldboxes,subjectortootherequipment,eitherthetopreventthevacuum.

vacuumconditionsvacuumorprovisionshallbeshalldesignedbemadeto6.4.7turewithinIfgastheisintroduced,system.

itshallnotcreateaflammablemix-Chapter7

StationaryLNGStorageContainers

7.1Inspection.

7.1.1containersPriorengineeringshalltoinitialbeoperation,containersotherthanASMEtestprovisionsdesigninspectedofthisandstandard.

material,toensurefabrication,complianceassembly,withandthe7.1.2employeesTheinspectionshallbeconductedbyinspectorstion,orarecognizedoftheoperator,insuranceanengineeringorinspectionorscientificcompany.organiza-whoare7.1.3codeInspectorsshallbequalifiedinaccordancewithinthisorstandard.

standardapplicabletothecontainerandasspecifiedthe7.2DesignConsiderations.7.2.1General.

7.2.1.1LNGcontainer:

Thefollowinginformationshallbespecifiedforeach(1)Maximum(2)ginallowableworkingpressure,includingamar-Maximumabovetheallowablenormalvacuum

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7.2.1.2ThosepartsofLNGcontainersthatnormallyareincon-tactwithLNGandallmaterialsusedincontactwithLNGorcoldLNGvapor[vaporatatemperaturebelow−20°F(−29°C)]shallbephysicallyandchemicallycompatiblewithLNGandintendedforserviceat−270°F(−168°C).

7.2.1.3AllpipingthatisapartofanLNGcontainershallcomplywithChapter9.

(A)Containerpipingshallincludeallpipinginternaltothecontainer,withininsulationspacesandwithinvoidspaces,andexternalpipingattachedorconnectedtothecontaineruptothefirstcircumferentialexternaljointofthepiping.

(B)InertgaspurgesystemswhollywithintheinsulationspacesshallbeexemptfromcompliancewithChapter9.(C)PipingthatisapartofanASMELNGcontainer,includ-ingpipingbetweentheinnerandoutercontainers,shallbeinaccordancewitheithertheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionVIII,orwithASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping.

(D)ComplianceshallbestatedonorappendedtotheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,AppendixW,FormU-1,“Manufac-turer’sDataReportforPressureVessels.”

7.2.1.4*AllLNGcontainersshallbedesignedforbothtopandbottomfillingunlessothermeansareprovidedtopreventstratification.

7.2.1.5AnyportionoftheoutersurfaceareaofanLNGcon-tainerthataccidentallycouldbeexposedtolowtemperaturesresultingfromtheleakageofLNGorcoldvaporfromflanges,valves,seals,orothernonweldedconnectionsshallbede-signedforsuchtemperaturesorotherwiseprotectedfromtheeffectsoflow-temperatureexposure.

7.2.1.6Wheretwoormorecontainersaresitedinacommondike,thecontainerfoundationsshallbecapableofwithstandingcontactwithLNGorshallbeprotectedagainstcontactwithanaccumulationofLNGthatmightendangerstructuralintegrity.7.2.1.7Thedensityoftheliquidshallbeassumedtobetheactualmassperunitvolumeattheminimumstoragetempera-tures,exceptthat3theminimumdensityfordesignpurposesshallbe29.3lb/ft(470kg/m3).

7.2.1.8Provisionsshallbemadeforremovalofthecontainerfromservice.

7.2.2SeismicDesignofField-FabricatedContainers.7.2.2.1Asite-specificinvestigationshallbeperformedforallinstallationsexceptthoseprovidedforin7.2.3todeterminethecharacteristicsofseismicgroundmotionandassociatedresponsespectra.

(A)Thesite-specificinvestigationshallaccountforthere-gionalseismicityandgeology,theexpectedrecurrenceratesandmaximummagnitudesofeventsonknownfaultsandsourcezones,thelocationofthesitewithrespecttotheseseismicsources,nearsourceeffects,ifany,andthecharacter-isticsofsubsurfaceconditions.

(B)Onthebasisofthesite-specificinvestigation,thegroundmotionofaprobabilisticmaximumconsideredearthquake(MCE)shallbethemotionhavinga2percentprobabilityofexceedancewithina50-yearperiod(meanrecurrenceintervalof2475years),subjecttotheexceptionin7.2.2.1(G).

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STATIONARYLNGSTORAGECONTAINERS59A–17

(C)UsingtheMCEgroundmotion,verticalandhorizontalaccelerationresponsespectrashallbeconstructedcoveringtheentirerangeofanticipateddampingratiosandnaturalperiodsofvibration,includingthefundamentalperiodanddampingratioforthesloshing(convective)modeofvibrationofthecontainedLNG.

(D)TheMCEresponsespectralaccelerationforanyperiod,T,shallcorrespondtoadampingratiothatbestrepresentsthestructurebeinginvestigated.

(E)Ifinformationisnotavailabletodevelopaverticalre-sponsespectrum,theordinatesoftheverticalresponsespec-trumshallnotbelessthantwo-thirdsthoseofthehorizontalspectrum.

(F)Ifinformationisavailable,thecorrespondingratioshallnotbelessthan1/2.

(G)Wheretheprobabilisticspectralresponseordinatesfora5percentdampedresponsespectrumhavinga2percentprob-abilityofexceedancewithina50-yearperiodatT=0.2secondor1secondexceedthecorrespondingordinatesofthedeterminis-ticlimitof7.2.2.1(I),theMCEgroundmotionshallbethelesserofthefollowing:

(1)TheprobabilisticMCEgroundmotionasdefinedin

7.2.2.1(B)

(2)Thedeterministicgroundmotionof7.2.2.1(H),butnotless

thanthedeterministiclimitgroundmotionof7.2.2.1(I)(H)ThedeterministicMCEgroundmotionresponsespectrumshallbecalculatedat150percentofthemedian5percentdampedspectralresponseaccelerationatallperiodsresultingfromacharacteristicearthquakeonaknownactivefaultwithintheregion.

(I)ThedeterministiclimitonMCEgroundmotionshallbetakenastheresponsespectrumdeterminedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofASCE7,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures,withthevalueofSS(mappedMCEspectralre-sponseaccelerationatshortperiods)takenas1.5G,thevalueofS1(mappedMCEspectralresponseaccelerationat1second)takenas0.6G,andthevaluesofFa(short-periodsitecoefficientat0.2second)andFv(long-periodsitecoefficientat1second)selectedforthesiteclassmostrepresentativeofthesubsurfaceconditionswheretheLNGfacilityislocated.

7.2.2.2TheLNGcontaineranditsimpoundingsystemshallbedesignedforthefollowingtwolevelsofseismicgroundmotion:(1)Thesafeshutdownearthquake(SSE)asdefinedin7.2.2.3(2)Theoperatingbasisearthquake(OBE)asdefinedin

7.2.2.47.2.2.3TheSSEshallberepresentedbyagroundmotionresponsespectruminwhichthespectralaccelerationatanyperiod,T,shallbeequaltothespectralaccelerationoftheMCEgroundmotiondefinedin7.2.2.1.

7.2.2.4*TheOBEgroundmotionshallbethemotionrepre-sentedbyanaccelerationresponsespectrumhavinga10per-centprobabilityofexceedancewithina50-yearperiod(meanreturnintervalof475years).

7.2.2.5Thetwolevelsofgroundmotiondefinedin7.2.2.3and7.2.2.4shallbeusedfortheearthquake-resistantdesignofthefollowingstructuresandsystems:

(1)AnLNGcontaineranditsimpoundingsystem

(2)SystemcomponentsrequiredtoisolatetheLNGcon-tainerandmaintainitinasafeshutdowncondition

(3)Structuresorsystems,includingfireprotectionsystems,

thefailureofwhichcouldaffecttheintegrityof7.2.2.5(1)or7.2.2.5(2)(A)ThestructuresandsystemsshallbedesignedtoremainoperableduringandafteranOBE.

(B)TheOBEdesignshallbebasedonanelasticresponsespectrum.

(C)Whereused,responsereductionfactorsappliedintheOBEdesignshallbedemonstratednottoreducetheperfor-mancecriteriain7.2.2.5(A).

(D)TheSSEdesignshallprovidefornolossofcontain-mentcapabilityoftheprimarycontainer,anditshallbepossibletoisolateandmaintaintheLNGcontainerduringandaftertheSSE.

(E)Whereused,responsereductionfactorsappliedintheSSEdesignshallbedemonstratednottoreducetheperfor-mancecriteriain7.2.2.5(D).

7.2.2.6Theimpoundingsystemshall,asaminimum,bede-signedtowithstandanSSEwhileemptyandanOBEwhileholdingthevolume,V,asspecifiedin2.2.2.1.

7.2.2.7AfteranOBEoranSSE,thereshallbenolossofcontainmentcapability.

7.2.2.8AnLNGcontainershallbedesignedfortheOBE,andastress-limitcheckshallbemadefortheSSEtoensurecom-pliancewith7.2.2.5.

(A)OBEandSSEanalysesshallincludetheeffectofliquidpressureonbucklingstability.

(B)StressesfortheOBEshallbeinaccordancewiththedocumentreferencedinSection7.3,7.4,or9.1,asapplicable.(C)StressesfortheSSEshallbesubjectedtothefollowinglimits:

(1)Stressesinmetalcontainersshallbeallowedtoreachthe

specifiedminimumyieldforthetensileconditionsandcriticalbucklingforthecompressioncondition.

(2)Axialhoopstressesfromunfactoredloadsinprestressed

concretecontainersshallnotexceedthemodulusofrup-tureforthetensileconditionandshallnotexceed60per-centofthespecified28-daycompressivestrengthforthecompressivecondition.

(3)Extremefiberstressesfromcombinedaxialandbending

hoopforcesfromunfactoredloadsinprestressedcon-cretecontainersshallnotexceedthemodulusofruptureforthetensileconditionandshallnotexceed69percentofthespecified28-daycompressivestrengthforthecom-pressivecondition.

(4)Hooptensilestressesinprestressedconcretecontainers

shallnotexceedtheyieldstressinnon-prestressedrein-forcementandshallnotexceed94percentoftheyieldstressinprestressedreinforcementwiththeassumptionofacrackedsection.7.2.2.9AfteranSSEevent,thecontainershallbeemptiedandinspectedpriortoresumptionofcontainer-fillingoperations.7.2.2.10ThedesignoftheLNGcontainerandstructuralcomponentsshallincorporateadynamicanalysisthatin-cludestheeffectsofsloshingandrestrainedliquid.

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59A–18PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

(A)Containerflexibility,includingsheardeformation,shallbeincludedinthedeterminationofthecontainerresponse.(B)Soil−structureinteractionshallbeincludedwherethecon-tainerisnotfoundedonbedrock(SiteClassAorBperASCE7,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures).(C)Wherethecontainerissupportedbypilecaps,theflex-ibilityofthepilesystemshallbeconsideredintheanalysis.7.2.3Shop-BuiltContainers.

7.2.3.1Shop-builtcontainersdesignedandconstructedinaccordancewiththeASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,andtheirsupportsystemshallbedesignedforthedynamicforcesassociatedwithhorizontalandverticalaccelerationsasfollows:Forhorizontalforce,V:

7.2.5ContainerInsulation.

7.2.5.1Exposedinsulationshallbenoncombustible,shallcontainorinherentlyshallbeavaporbarrier,shallbewater-free,andshallresistdislodgmentbyfirehosestreams.(A)Whereanoutershellisusedtoretainlooseinsulation,theshellshallbeconstructedofsteelorconcrete.

(B)Exposedweatherproofingshallhaveaflamespreadin-dexnotgreaterthan25.(See3.3.11.)

7.2.5.2ThespacebetweentheinnertankandtheoutertankshallcontaininsulationthatiscompatiblewithLNGandnatu-ralgasandthatisnoncombustible.

(A)Afireexternaltotheoutertankshallnotcausereduc-tionoftheinsulationthermalconductivityduetomeltingorsettling.

(B)Theload-bearingbottominsulationshallbedesignedandinstalledsothatcrackingfromthermalandmechanicalstressesdoesnotjeopardizetheintegrityofthecontainer.(C)Onlymaterialsusedbetweentheinnerandoutertankbottoms(floors)shallnotberequiredtomeetthecombusti-bilityrequirements,wherethematerialandthedesignoftheinstallationcomplywithallofthefollowing:

(1)Theflamespreadindexofthematerialshallnotexceed

25,andthematerialshallnotsupportcontinuedprogres-sivecombustioninair.

(2)Thematerialshallbeofsuchcompositionthatsurfaces

thatwouldbeexposedbycuttingthroughthematerialonanyplaneshallhaveaflamespreadindexnotgreaterthan25andshallnotsupportcontinuedprogres-sivecombustion.

(3)Itshallbeshownbytestthatthecombustionpropertiesof

thematerialdonotincreasesignificantlyasaresultoflong-termexposuretoLNGornaturalgasattheanticipatedser-vicepressureandtemperature.

(4)Thematerialsintheinstalledconditionshallbedemon-stratedtobecapableofbeingpurgedofnaturalgas.

(5)Thenaturalgasremainingafterpurgingshallnotbe

significantandshallnotincreasethecombustibilityofthematerial.7.2.6FillingVolume.Containersdesignedtooperateatapres-sureinexcessof15psi(100kPa)shallbeequippedwithade-vice(s)thatpreventsthecontainerfrombecomingliquidfullorfromcoveringtheinletofthereliefdevice(s)withliquidwhenthepressureinthecontainerreachesthesetpressureofthere-lievingdevice(s)underallconditions.7.2.7Foundations.

7.2.7.1*LNGcontainersshallbeinstalledonfoundationsde-signedbyaqualifiedengineerandconstructedinaccordancewithrecognizedstructuralengineeringpractices.

7.2.7.2Priortothestartofdesignandconstructionofthefoundation,asubsurfaceinvestigationshallbeconductedbyasoilsengineertodeterminethestratigraphyandphysicalpropertiesofthesoilsunderlyingthesite.

7.2.7.3Thebottomoftheoutertankshallbeabovethegroundwatertableorprotectedfromcontactwithground-wateratalltimes.

7.2.7.4Theoutertankbottommaterialincontactwithsoilshallmeetoneofthefollowingrequirements:

V=Zc×W

Fordesignverticalforce,P:

P=23Zc×W

where:

Zc=seismiccoefficientequalto0.60SDS,whereSDSis

themaximumdesignspectralacceleration

determinedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofASCE7,MaximumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures,usinganimportancefactor,I,of1.0,forthesiteclassmostrepresentativeofthesubsurfaceconditionswheretheLNGfacilityislocated

W=totalweightofthecontaineranditscontents

(A)Thismethodofdesignshallbeusedonlywhenthenatu-ralperiod,T,oftheshop-builtcontaineranditssupportingsystemislessthan0.06second.

(B)Forperiodsofvibrationgreaterthan0.06second,themethodofdesignin7.2.2.1through7.2.2.6shallbefollowed.7.2.3.2Thecontaineranditssupportsshallbedesignedfortheresultantseismicforcesincombinationwiththeoperatingloads,usingtheallowablestressincreaseshowninthecodeorstandardusedtodesignthecontaineroritssupports.7.2.3.3Therequirementsof7.2.3shallapplytoASMEcon-tainersbuiltpriortoJuly1,1996,whenreinstalled.

7.2.3.4Instrumentationcapableofmeasuringthegroundmotiontowhichcontainersaresubjectedshallbeprovidedonthesite.

7.2.4Wind,Flood,andSnowLoads.

(A)Thewind,flood,andsnowloadsforthedesignofLNGstoragecontainersshallbedeterminedusingtheproceduresoutlinedinASCE7,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures.

(B)Whereaprobabilisticapproachisused,a100-yearmeanoccurrenceintervalshallbeused.

(C)InCanada,thewindandsnowloadsforthedesignofLNGstoragecontainersshallbedeterminedusingtheproce-dureoutlinedintheNationalBuildingCodeofCanada.(D)Forwind,thevalueintheNationalBuildingCodeofCanadafora100-yearmeanrecurrenceintervalshallbeused.

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STATIONARYLNGSTORAGECONTAINERS59A–19

(1)(2)Selected(A)(3)*ProtectedCoatedortobyprotectedminimizecorrosion

acathodictominimizeprotectioncorrosionsystem

beWherevacuumthesumallowance,ofvacuumtherequiredinsulationandtheworkingisused,thedesignpressureshallhydrostaticpressure,head15ofLNG.

psi(100kPa)for7.2.7.5ingWhereanoutertankis(B)sureWherethermsystemfromshallpenetratingbeprovidedthesoil.

toinpreventcontactwiththe32°Fthesoil,(0°C)aheat-iso-hydrostaticshallbeheadthenonvacuumsumofLNG.

oftheinsulationrequiredisworkingused,thepressuredesignandpres-the(A)andperformanceTheheatingsystemmonitoring,

shallbedesignedtoallowfunctional(C)combinationTheinnertankshallbedesigned(B)liquidforWherethereisadiscontinuityinthefoundation,suregivenbottomtothepiping,heatingattentionsysteminandthisseparatezone.

treatmentshallsuchbeasingashead,thetanktheofloadingstaticresultingfrominternalforthepressuremostcriticalandexpandsinsulationafteranpressure,in-servicetheperiod,insulationpres-andandouteroperatingtanks,andpressureseismicofloads.

thespacebetweenthetheinnerpurg-(C)so7.3.2.4Theoutertankshallbeofweldedconstruction.controlthatHeatinganysystemsshallbedesigned,selected,andinstalledcanheatingbereplacedelementafterandinstallation.

temperaturesensorusedfor(A)Thefollowingmaterialsshallbeused:

(D)*cumulationProvisionsintheshallconduit.

beincorporatedtopreventmoistureac-(1)AnyASMEofthecarbonsteelsinSectionVIII,PartUCS7.2.7.6abovetheBoilerminimumandPressureVesselCodeattemperaturesofatthe

ortionshallinlieuIftheofafoundationheatingsystem,isdesignedthetoprovideaircircula-(2)ofMaterialstheASMEBoilerandallowablePressureVesselusetemperatureCode,inTable1Awhichbeitcanofabematerialexposed.

compatiblewithbottomtheoftemperaturestheoutertanktowherethewithcontainerameltingisburiedpointorbelowSectionmounded2000°FII,(1093°C)

PartD7.2.7.7(B)ofdesignedWherebyvacuumeitherofinsulationthefollowing:

isused,theoutertankshallbethemeasuringAtankbottomtemperaturemonitoringsystemcapabletheentiresurfacethetemperatureareainorderontoamonitorpredeterminedpatternover(1)Theprovided)bottomshallinsulationbeinstalled.

andthetankfoundationtheheatingperformancesystem(ifofUG-28,ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode7.2.7.8(2)sureParagraphofUG-29,notUG-30,andUG-33,using,SectionanexternalVIII,Parts

pres-bottomThesystemin7.2.7.7shallbeusedtoconductatankTankSpecification3.6.2lessthanofforCGA15psiCryogenic341,(100LiquidsStandardkPa)

forInsulatedCargo

placedaftertheintemperatureindicationserviceandsurveyofannually6monthsanabnormallythereafter,afterthetankhasbeencoolarea.afteranOBEand(C)mentsHeadsandsphericaloutertanksthatare7.3MetalContainers.

with7.3.1UG-28,theandASMEassembledbyweldingshallbedesignedformedinaccordanceinseg-andLess.

ContainersDesignedforOperationat15psi(100kPa)15psi(100UG-29,kPa).

UG-30,BoilerandandPressureUG-33,VesselusingCodean,externalSectionpressureVIII,Partsof7.3.1.1(D)(100WeldedcontainersfiedforTheallmaximumcomponents.

allowableworkingpressureshallbespeci-Large,kPa)Welded,shallLow-PressurecomplywithdesignedStorageAPI620,forTanks.

DesignnotandmoreConstructionthan15psiof(E)7.3.1.2otherThedeviceoutertoreleasetankshallinternalbeequippedpressure,withasfollows:

areliefdeviceorwiththeAPIfollowing620,Appendixchanges:

Q,shallbeapplicableforLNG(1)The(1)(0.0034dischargearea(2)*InInQ-7.6.5,“twenty-fivepercent”shallbechangedallQ-7.6.1(2)butThetheareacm2/kg)shallofnottheshallexceedwaterbeatleast0.00024in.2/lb

300capacityin.2(2000oftheinnertank,containerverticalthroughandhorizontalQ-7.6.4,butt100percentexaminationto“all.”of

thereliefdeviceshallfunctionatapressurenotcm2exceeding

designinternal(3)ciatedAPIeverisleast.pressuredesignofthepressureinnertank,oftheorouter25psitank,(172thekPa),externalwhich-requirement.620,withwall,Appendixaflatexceptbottomfortheshell-to-bottomweldsassociatedweldswithasso-theC,container,C.11,shallshallbebearequired.mandatory

(F)7.3.2tankThermalfromfallingbarriersbelowshallitsdesignbeprovidedtemperature.

topreventtheouter(100kPa).

ContainersDesignedforOperationatMoreThan15psi(G)7.3.2.1patedSaddlesandlegstankthermalduringloads.

shippingshallandbeinstallation,designedtoandwithstandseismic,loadswind,antici-andtheouterholdingContainerstank.

theLNGshallsurroundedbedouble-walled,byinsulationwithcontainedtheinnerin(H)7.3.2.2Theinsulationshallbeevacuatedorpurged.fireresistanceFoundationsratingandofsupportsnotlessthanshall2behours.

protectedtohavea7.3.2.3(I)accordanceThenotVesselwithinnerSectiontankshallVIIIbeofoftheweldedASMEconstructionandinfirelessIfinsulationhosethanstreams.

2hours,isusedittoshallachieveberesistantthefiretoresistancedislodgementratingbyofNationalCodeotheragenciesBoardandshallbeASME-stampedandregisteredBoilerandwithPressurethethatofBoilerregisterandpressurePressurevessels.

VesselInspectorsor7.3.2.5beminimizedStressbyconcentrationstheuseofsuchfromitemstheassupportpadsandsystemloadrings.

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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--59A–20PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

7.3.2.6beshallincludedTheinnerbeanddesignedinexpansiontheandcontractionoftheinnertankshalloutertankssostressthatarethecalculations,withinresultingandallowablestressesthesupportsystemlimits.

impartedtothe7.3.2.7tankmaximumandInternalwithinthepipinginsulationbetweenspacetheinnershalltankandtheouterallowanceforallowablethermalworkingstresses.

pressureofthebedesignedinnertank,forwiththe(A)Bellowsshallnotbepermittedwithintheinsulationspace.(B)asdeterminedPipingshallbybetheofASMEmaterialsBoilersatisfactoryandPressureforVessel−278°FCode(.−172°C)(C)minum,Noliquidlineexternalto2-hourfirecopper,exposure.

orcopperalloy,theunlessouteritistankprotectedshallbeagainstofalu-a(D)Transitionjointsshallnotbeprohibited.

7.3.2.8withinsystemtheTheof--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---eitherthatouterinnerofisthecapabletanktankbyshallfollowing:

ofeitherbesupportedconcentricallysustainingametallicthemaximumoranonmetallicloading(1)Shippingmumloadsupportsshallbedesignedfortheencountered,numbermultipliedofG(gravitationalbytheemptyacceleration)maxi-massofthetobe(2)nerOperatingtank.

in-massloadsupportsshallbedesignedforshallofincludetheinnerthefollowing:

tankplusthemaximumloading,thewhichtotal

(b)(a)SeismicThemaximummassfactorsofcontainedshallbeincluded.

liquidshallrangeminimumofoperatingdensityofthespecifiedliquidbebasedwithinonthe

thedensityshalltemperatures,be29.3lb/ftexcept3(470thatkg/mthe3).7.3.2.9theorlesserTheallowabledesignstressinsupportmembersshallbetemperature.

five-eighthsofone-thirdofthespecifiedofthespecifiedminimumminimumyieldstrengthtensilestrengthatroom7.3.2.10areaattheWhererootofthreadedthethreadsmembersshallbeareused.used,theminimum7.4ConcreteContainers.

7.4.1PrestressedContainerStructure.

7.4.1.1standardsThecrete,orCSAACIdesignA23.3,318,BuildingofconcretecontainersshallcomplywithDesignofCodeConcreteRequirementsStructures.

forReinforcedCon-7.4.1.2shallstrengthbeAllowablevalues.

basedonstressesroomfortemperaturenormaldesign−specifiedconsiderationsminimum7.4.1.3shrinkageTensileposedlimitedtotoLNGeffects)stressestheallowabletemperaturesincarbon(exclusiveofdirecttemperatureandstressesundersteelreinforcinglisteddesigninTableconditionsbarswhen7.4.1.3.shallex-be7.4.1.4asmumunstressedSteelwireallowablereinforcement,orstrands,asstressasfollows:

shallspecifiedbedesignedin7.4.2.4withandamaxi-used(1)(2)CrackOthercontrolapplicationsapplications—80,000—psi30,000(552psiMPa)

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Table7.4.1.3AllowableStressesofRebar

MaximumAllowableStresses*

BarDescriptionNo.psiMPaASTM4A615(U.S.)5,and6,andsmaller12,00082.78andlarger710,0008,00068.955.2CSA10G30.18(Canada)15andsmaller12,00082.725andand20larger

10,0008,000

68.955.2

*AccordingtoASTMA615,StandardSpecificationforDeformedandPlainBillet-SteelBarsforConcreteReinforcement,andCSAG30.18,Billet-SteelBarsforConcreteReinforcement.

7.4.2MaterialsSubjecttoLNGTemperature.7.4.2.1Concrete.

(A)thefollowingConcretestandards:

shallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsof(1)Ining,theTransportationUnitedStates,andACIPlacing304R,ofGuideConcreteforMeasuring,Mix-(2)BuildingInCodeRequirementsforReinforcedConcrete

,andACI318,ConcreteCanada,turesConstructionCSAA23.1,,ConcreteMaterialsandMethodsof

Construction/Qualification,andCSAA23.4,CSAPrecastA23.3,ConcreteDesign—ofConcreteMaterialsStruc-andturalPrecastConcreteProductsCodeforArchitecturalandStruc-(B)strengthTestsatandonforconcretethecoefficientshallbecarriedofcontractionoutfortheofthecompressivethesethepropertiesprojectedarelowavailable.temperature,unlesspriortestconcretedataon7.4.2.2Aggregate.

(A)Aggregateshallbespecifiedbythefollowingstandards:(1)IntheUnitedStates,ASTMC(2)ConcreteInConcreteCanada,Aggregates

33,StandardSpecificationfor

ConstructionCSAA23.1,ConcreteMaterialsandMethodsof

(B)soundAggregatetoprovideshallahigh-strengthbedenseandandphysicallydurableandconcrete.chemically7.4.2.3cordancePneumaticing,andApplicationwithACIMortar.Pneumaticmortarshallbeinac-of506.2,Shotcrete.

SpecificationforMaterials,Proportion-7.4.2.4High-Tensile-StrengthElements.

(A)shallHigh-tensile-strengthmeettherequirementselementsofthefollowingforprestressedstandards:concrete(1)InSteeltheUnitedStates,ASTMAASTMStrand,UncoatedSeven-Wire416,StandardforPrestressedSpecificationConcretefor

RelievedAdardSteel421,WireStandardSpecificationforUncoatedStressed-;stressingSpecificationConcrete;forforPrestressedConcrete;ASTMA722,Stan-orUncoatedASTMAHigh-StrengthSteelBarforPre-(2)SteelInCanada,Wire,HandCSADrawnG279,forSteelPrestressing821,StandardforPrestressedConcreteSpecificationforConcreteTanks

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STATIONARYLNGSTORAGECONTAINERS59A–21

(B)AnymaterialsacceptableforserviceatLNGtemperature,suchasthosematerialsspecifiedforprimarycomponentsinAPI620,DesignandConstructionofLarge,Welded,Low-PressureStorageTanks,AppendixQ,oranymaterialshownbytesttobeacceptableforLNGservice,shallbeused.

(C)MaterialforpermanentendanchoragesshallmaintainitsstructuralcapabilityatLNGtemperatures.7.4.2.5ReinforcingSteel.

(A)Reinforcingsteelforreinforcedconcreteshallbeasspeci-fiedbythefollowingstandards:

(1)IntheUnitedStates,ACI318,BuildingCodeRequirements

forReinforcedConcrete

(2)InCanada,ASTMA82,StandardSpecificationforSteelWire,

Plain,forConcreteReinforcement;ASTMA496,SpecificationforSteelWire,Deformed,forConcreteReinforcement;andCSAG30.18,Billet-SteelBarsforConcreteReinforcement(B)TheuseofASTMA966,StandardSpecificationforRail-SteelandAxle-SteelDeformedBarsforConcreteReinforcement,materialsshallnotbepermitted.

7.4.2.6Nonstructuralmetallicbarriersincorporatedin,andfunctioningcompositelywith,prestressedconcreteindirectcontactwithLNGduringnormaloperationsshallbeofametalclassifiedforeither“primarycomponents”or“second-arycomponents”inAPI620,DesignandConstructionofLarge,Welded,Low-PressureStorageTanks,AppendixQ,ifthecompos-itesectionisprestressedsuchthatnosignificanttensilestressesaredevelopedunderanydesignloadingcondition.

7.4.2.7Nonstructuralmetallicbarriersincorporatedin,andfunctioningcompositelywith,prestressedconcreteservingpri-marilyasmoisturebarriersforinternallyinsulatedtanksshallbeofametalclassifiedforeither“primarycomponent”or“second-arycomponent”serviceinAPI620,DesignandConstructionofLarge,Welded,Low-PressureStorageTanks,AppendixQ,orofsteelconformingtoASTMA1008,StandardSpecificationforSteel,Sheet,Cold-Rolled,Carbon,Structural,High-StrengthLow-AlloyandHigh-StrengthLow-AlloywithImprovedFormability,ifthecompositesec-tionisprestressedsuchthatnosignificanttensilestressesarede-velopedunderanydesignloadingcondition.7.4.3Construction,Inspection,andTests.

7.4.3.1ConcreteLNGcontainersshallbebuiltinaccordancewiththeapplicablerequirementsofthefollowingstandardsandpublications:

(1)IntheUnitedStates,ACI318R,BuildingCodeRequirements

forStructuralConcrete;Section9ofACI301,SpecificationsforStructuralConcrete;ACI372R,DesignandConstructionofCir-cularWire-andStrandWrappedPrestressedConcreteStructures;andACI373R,DesignandConstructionofCircularPrestressedConcreteStructureswithCircumferentialTendons

(2)InCanada,CSAA23.3,DesignofConcreteStructures7.4.3.2ConcreteLNGcontainersshallbeinspectedinaccor-dancewithACI311.4R,GuideforConcreteInspection,andSec-tion7.6ofthisstandard.

7.4.3.3MetalcomponentsshallbeconstructedandtestedinaccordancewiththeapplicableprovisionsinAppendixQofAPI620,DesignandConstructionofLarge,Welded,Low-PressureStorageTanks.

7.4.3.4OthermaterialsusedintheconstructionofconcreteLNGcontainersshallbequalifiedbeforeusebasedoninspec-tionandtest.

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---7.5MarkingofLNGContainers.

7.5.1Eachcontainershallbeidentifiedbytheattachmentinanaccessiblelocationofacorrosion-resistantnameplatemarkedwiththefollowinginformation:

(1)Builder’snameanddatebuilt

(2)Nominalliquidcapacity(inbarrels,gallons,orcubic

meters)

(3)Designpressureformethanegasattopofcontainer(4)Maximumpermitteddensityofliquidtobestored

(5)Maximumleveltowhichcontainercanbefilledwith

storedliquid(see7.2.6)

(6)Maximumleveltowhichcontainercanbefilledwithwa-terfortest,ifapplicable

(7)MinimumtemperatureindegreesFahrenheit(Celsius)

forwhichthecontainerwasdesigned7.5.2Storagecontainersshallhaveallpenetrationsmarkedwiththefunctionofthepenetration.

7.5.3Penetrationmarkingsshallbevisibleiffrostingoccurs.7.6TestingofLNGContainers.LNGcontainersshallbeleaktestedinaccordancewiththegoverningconstructioncodeorstandard,andallleaksshallberepaired.

7.6.1Wherenospecificsingleconstructioncodeisappli-cable,thecontainerdesignershallprovideatestprocedurebasedonAPI620,DesignandConstructionofLarge,Welded,Low-PressureStorageTanks,

7.6.2Containersdesignedforpressuresinexcessof15psi[103kPa(g)]shallbetestedinaccordancewiththefollowing:(1)Shop-fabricatedcontainersshallbepressuretestedbythe

manufacturerpriortoshipmenttotheinstallationsite.(2)Theinnertankshallbetestedinaccordancewiththe

ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeorwithCSAB51,Boiler,PressureVesselandPressurePipingCode.(3)Theoutertankshallbeleaktested.

(4)PipingshallbetestedinaccordancewithSection9.6.(5)Containersandassociatedpipingshallbeleaktested

priortofillingthecontainerwithLNG.7.6.3Shop-fabricatedcontainersdesignedforpressuresinexcessof15psi[103kPa(g)]shallbepressuretestedbythemanufacturerpriortoshipmenttotheinstallationsite.7.6.4Theinnertankoffield-fabricatedcontainersdesignedforpressuresinexcessof15psi[103kPa(g)]shallbetestedinaccor-dancewiththeASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeorCSAB51,Boiler,PressureVesselandPressurePipingCode.

7.6.5Theoutertankoffield-fabricatedcontainersdesignedforpressuresinexcessof15psi[103kPa(g)]shallbetestedinaccordancewithSection9.6.

7.6.6ContainersandassociatedpipingshallbeleaktestedpriortofillingthecontainerwithLNG.

7.6.7Afteracceptancetestsarecompleted,thereshallbenofieldweldingontheLNGcontainers.

(A)Fieldweldingshallbelimitedtosaddleplatesorbracketsprovidedforthepurposeandtorepairspermittedunderthecodeorstandardoffabrication.

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59A–22PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

(B)cationRetestingofandsuchshallbyamethodappropriatetotherepairormodifi-anatureberequiredthatonlywheretherepairormodificationismodification.

isnecessarytodemonstratearetestactuallytheadequacyteststheelementoftherepairaffectedor7.7tainerContainerPurgingandCooldown.BeforeanLNGdanceiswithputSectionintoservice,14.3.itshallbepurgedandcooledinaccor-con-7.8ReliefDevices.

7.8.1vacuumASMEandAPIcontainersshallstandardandofmanufacture.

pressurereliefvalvesasrequiredbeequippedbythecodewithor7.8.2mosphere.

Reliefdevicesshallcommunicatedirectlywiththeat-7.8.3tainerforwhichcanVacuum-relievingthebeexposedcontainertodevicesshallbeinstalledifthecon-isadesigned.

vacuumconditioninexcessofthat7.8.4containersEachmaintenanceshallpressureopeningstopvalve.

orbeotherableandpurposestovacuumbeisolatedsafetyreliefvalveforLNGbymeansfromtheofacontainermanualfull-for(A)openTheposition.

stopvalve(s)shallbelockableorsealableinthefully(B)LNGPressureandvacuumreliefvalvesshallbeviduallycontainerwhilemaintainingtoalloweachthereliefrequiredvalverelievingtobeinstalledisolatedoncapacity.indi-the(C)portWhereonlyonereliefdeviceisitsopeningthree-wayvalveconnectingrequired,thereliefeithervalveafull-andnectedsparetotothethecontainer,containereachortwowithreliefavalve,valvesshallseparatelybeinstalled.con-(D)Nomorethanonestopvalveshallbeclosedatonetime.(E)andSafetyreliefvalvedischargestacksorotherinstalledforeigntomatterpreventandanshallaccumulationventsdischargeverticallyofwater,shallupward.ice,bedesignedsnow,or7.8.5PressureReliefDeviceSizing.

7.8.5.1onthefollowing:

Thecapacityofpressurereliefdevicesshallbebased(1)(2)Fire(3)Operationalexposure

Othercircumstancesupset,suchresultingasfailurefromofaequipmentcontroldevicefailures

(4)and(5)VaporoperatingFlashdisplacementerrors

duringasaconsequencevaporizationduringofmixingfilling,filling

ofasproductsaresultofoffillingdifferentor

(6)compositions

(7)Loss(8)Heatofrefrigeration

Dropinputinbarometricfrompumppressure

recirculation7.8.5.2capacityPressurereliefdevicesshallreasonabledeterminedandprobableforthecombinationlargestbesinglesizedofreliefrelieftorelievetheflowflows.floworany7.8.5.3*perTheminimumpressure-relievingofthehourfull(kilogramstankcontentsperhour)in24hours.

shallnotbecapacitylessthanin3percentpounds2006Edition

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7.8.6VacuumReliefSizing.

7.8.6.1onthefollowing:

Thecapacityofvacuumreliefdevicesshallbebased(1)(2)Withdrawalofliquidorvaporatthemaximumrate(3)RiseReductioninbarometricpressure

withsubcooledinvaporliquidspacepressureasaresultoffilling

7.8.6.2flowThevacuumreliefdevicesshallbesizedtorelieveanycapacitydeterminedforthelargestsinglecontingencytheorlessnormalthereasonablevaporizationandprobableheatgaintotheratetankthatcombinationofcontingencies,contents.

isproducedfromtheminimum7.8.6.3gas-repressuringNovacuumsystemsrelieforcapacityvapormakeupcreditshallsystems.beallowedfor7.8.7FireExposure.

7.8.7.1posureshallThebepressure-relievingcomputedbythecapacityfollowingrequiredformulas:forfireex-ForU.S.customaryunits:

H=34,500 FA0.82+Hn

ForSIunits:

H=71,000 FA0.82+Hn

where:

HAF==totalheatinflux[Btu/hr(watt)]

=environmentalexposedwettedfactorsurfacefromareaTable7.8.7.1

H[ft2normal(m2)]

ofthecontainer

n=[Btu/hrheat(watt)]

leakinrefrigeratedtanks

7.8.7.2of30ft(9Them)exposedabovegrade.

wettedareashallbetheareauptoaheight7.8.7.3*fightingWhereused,insulationshallresistcomposeequipment,environmentalattemperaturesshallfactorforinsulationupbenoncombustible,dislodgmentto1000°Ftobe(538°C)andused.inordershallnotbyfire-forthede-Table7.8.7.1EnvironmentalFactors

Basis

FFactorBaseWatercontainer

1.0Depressuringapplicationandfacilitiesemptying1.01.0

Undergroundfacilities

InsulationU.S.customaryorthermalcontainer

units

protection* F=

U(0

1660−Tf

)34,500SIunits

U(904−Tf

)71,000

*U=overallheattransfercoefficientBtu/(hr·ft2·°F)[W/(m2·°C)]oftheinsulationsystemusingthemeanvalueforthetemperaturerangefromTfto+1660°F(904°C);Tf=temperatureofvesselcontentatrelievingconditions,°F(°C).

Not for Resale

---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--VAPORIZATIONFACILITIES59A–23

7.8.7.4PressureReliefValveCapacity.

(A)Therelievingcapacityshallbedeterminedbythefollow-ingformula:

8.3VaporizerPipingandIntermediateFluidPipingandStorage.8.3.1Manifoldedvaporizersshallhavebothinletanddis-chargeblockvalvesateachvaporizer.

8.3.2Thedischargevalveofeachvaporizerandthepipingcomponentsandreliefvalvesinstalledupstreamofeachva-porizerdischargevalveshallbedesignedforoperationatLNGtemperatures[−260°F(−162°C)].

8.3.3AutomaticequipmentshallbeprovidedtopreventthedischargeofeitherLNGorvaporizedgasintoapipingsystematatemperatureeitheraboveorbelowthedesigntempera-turesofthesystem.

8.3.3.1Automaticequipmentshallbeindependentofallotherflowcontrolsystems.

8.3.3.2Automaticequipmentshallincorporatealinevalveforemergencypurposes.8.3.4InletValves.

8.3.4.1Isolationofanidlemanifoldedvaporizershallbebytwoinletvalves.

8.3.4.2TheLNGorgasthatcanaccumulatebetweenthevalvesorotherdoubleblockandbleedsystemsshallbepipedtoanareawithnoignitionsourcesandwherepeoplearenotpresent.

8.3.5Eachheatedvaporizershallbeprovidedwithalocalandaremotedevicetoshutofftheheatsource.

8.3.5.1Wherethevaporizerislocated50ft(15m)ormorefromtheheatsource,theremoteshutofflocationshallbeatleast50ft(15m)fromthevaporizer.

8.3.5.2Wherethevaporizerislocatedlessthan50ft(15m)fromtheheatsource,itshallhaveanautomaticshutoffvalveintheliquidlinelocatedatleast10ft(3m)fromthevaporizerandshallclosewhenanyofthefollowingoccurs:

(1)Lossoflinepressure(excessflow)

(2)Abnormaltemperaturesensedintheimmediatevicinity

ofthevaporizer(fire)

(3)Lowtemperatureinthevaporizerdischargeline8.3.5.3Ifthefacilityisattended,operationoftheautomaticshutoffvalveshallbeeitherfromapointatleast50ft(15m)fromthevaporizerorinaccordancewith8.3.5.1.

8.3.6ShutoffValve.AshutoffvalveshallbeinstalledontheLNGlinetoaheatedvaporizeratleast50ft(15m)fromthevaporizer.

(A)Ifthevaporizerisinstalledinabuilding,theshutoffvalveshallbeinstalledatleast50ft(15m)fromthebuilding.(B)Thisvalveshallbeeitherthecontainershutoffvalveoranothervalve.

8.3.7Anyambientvaporizeroraheatedvaporizerinstalledwithin50ft(15m)ofanLNGcontainershallbeequippedwithanautomaticshutoffvalveintheliquidline.

(A)Theautomaticshutoffvalveshallbelocatedatleast10ft(3m)fromthevaporizerandshallcloseinoneofthefollow-ingsituations:

(1)Lossoflinepressure(excessflow)occurs

(2)Abnormaltemperaturesensedintheimmediatevicinity

ofthevaporizer(fire)

(3)Lowtemperatureinthevaporizerdischargeline

H W=

where:

W=relievingcapacityofproductvaporatrelieving

conditions[lb/hr(g/s)]

H=totalheatinflux,Btu/hr(watt)

L=latentheatofvaporizationofthestoredliquidat

therelievingpressureandtemperature,Btu/lb(J/g)(B)Theequivalentairflowshallbecalculatedfromthefol-lowingformulas:

ForU.S.customaryunits:

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Qa=3.09W

ForSIunits:

TZMQa=0.93W

TZMwhere:

Qa=equivalentflowcapacityofairat60°F(15°C)

andabsolutepressureof14.7psi(101kPa)[ft3/hr(m3/hr)]

W=relievingcapacityofproductvaporatrelieving

conditions[lb/hr(g/s)]

T=absolutetemperatureofproductvaporat

relievingconditions[R(K)]

Z=compressibilityfactorofproductvaporat

relievingcondition

M=productvapormolecularmass[lbm/lbmol

(g/gmol)]

Chapter8VaporizationFacilities

8.1ClassificationofVaporizers.

8.1.1Ifthetemperatureofthenaturallyoccurringheatsourceofanambientvaporizerexceeds212°F(100°C),thevaporizershallbeconsideredtobearemotelyheatedvaporizer.

8.1.2Ifthenaturallyoccurringheatsourceofanambientvapor-izerisseparatedfromtheactualvaporizingheatexchangerandacontrollableheattransportmediumisusedbetweentheheatsourceandthevaporizingexchanger,thevaporizershallbecon-sideredtobearemoteheatedvaporizerandtheprovisionforheatedvaporizersshallapply.

8.2DesignandMaterialsofConstruction.

8.2.1*Vaporizersshallbedesigned,fabricated,andinspectedinaccordancewiththeASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionVIII.

8.2.2Vaporizerheatexchangersshallbedesignedforawork-ingpressureatleastequaltothemaximumdischargepressureoftheLNGpumporthepressurizedcontainersystemsupply-ingthem,whicheverisgreater.

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59A–24PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

(B)offvaporizervalveIftheshallfacilityorinbeisaccordancefromattended,apointoperationwithat8.3.7(A).

least50oftheft(15automaticm)fromshut-the8.3.8remoteWhereaflammableintermediatefluidisusedwithwiththeheatedfollowing:

vaporizer,shutoffvalvesshallbeinaccordancea(1)Shutoff(2)coldShutofflinesvalvesfromthevalveoftheshallbeprovidedonboththehotandthe

vaporizer.controlsintermediateshallbelocatedfluidsystem.

atleast50ft(15m)

8.4ReliefDevicesonVaporizers.

8.4.1shallofbeTheselectedreliefvalvetoprovidecapacitydischargeofheatedcapacityorprocessvaporizerstheratedvaporizernaturalgasflowcapacitywithoutof110allowingpercentmaximumpressureallowabletorisemoreworkingthanpressure.

10percentabovethevaporizer8.4.2selectedThe150onpercenttoreliefprovidevalveofratedreliefcapacityforambientvaporizersshallbevaporizervalvenaturaldischargegascapacityflowofatleastsurestandardmumtoallowablerisemoreoperatingconditionswithoutallowingcapacitythebasedpres-workingthan10pressure.

percentabovethevaporizermaxi-8.4.3thatReliefvalves(60°C)theyarenotsubjectedonheatedtotemperaturesvaporizersshallbesolocatedhigherduringtemperatures.

normaloperationunlessdesignedexceedingtowithstand140°F8.5operationCombustionsourceofintegralAirSupply.heatedCombustionvaporizersorairrequiredforthesideacompletelyforremoteenclosedheatedvaporizersstructureorshallbuilding.

bethetakenprimaryfromheatout-8.6ersProductsofCombustion.Whereintegralheatedvaporiz-installedortheaccumulationinprimarybuildings,heatsourceforremoteheatedvaporizersisofhazardousprovisionsproductsshallofbecombustion.

madetopreventthe--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Chapter9PipingSystemsandComponents

9.1General.

9.1.1B31.3,AllProcesspipingPiping.

systemsshallbeinaccordancewithASME9.1.1.1toTheadditionalprovisionsofthisflammablepipingsystemsgases.

andcomponentsforflammablechapterliquidsshallapplyand9.1.1.2NationalFuelFuelGasgassystemsCode,orshallASMEbeBin31.3,accordanceProcessPiping.withNFPA54,9.1.2shallbeThetheseismicoperatinggroundbasismotionearthquakeused(OBE).inthepiping(See7.2.2.4.)design9.1.2.1analysismumdesignorThebyspectralapplyingpipingloadsshallbedeterminedbyadynamicacceleration,anamplificationS,factorasdefinedof0.60into7.2.3.1.themaxi-DS9.1.2.2thesignedfirstContainer-associatedpipinguptoandincludingsafeshutdowntocontainerisolatecondition.

theshutoffLNGvalvecontainerinLNGandlinesmaintainshallbeitinde-a2006Edition

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9.1.3*accommodatePipingsystemscyclingtowhichthetheeffectsandsystemsofcomponentsfatigueshallbedesignedtoaresubjected.

resultingfromthethermal9.1.4pipingProvisiondancewithjointsASMEdueforBtoexpansion31.3,temperatureandProcessPipingchangescontractionofpipingand,Sectionshall319.beinaccor-9.2MaterialsofConstruction.9.2.1General.

9.2.1.1compounds,Allpipingmaterials,includinggasketsandandwhichgasestheyhandledshallbearesubjected.

throughoutselectedforthecompatibilityrangeoftemperatureswiththethreadliquidsto9.2.1.2aningLNGPipingorrefrigerantthatcanspillbeexposedorthetothelowtemperatureofureanoneofoftheemergencythepipingfollowing:

thatwherewouldsuchincreaseexposureheatofthecouldanignitedspilldur-emergencyresultinshallafail-be(1)Madeeratingofmaterial(s)thatcanwithstandboth(2)theProtectedpipingtemperaturemightandtheextremetemperaturethenormaltowhichop-duebyinsulationbesubjectedorotherduringmeanstheemergency

to(3)canCapablebetosuchtakenextremebytemperaturesuntilcorrectivedelayfailure

actionwhereduringpipingofbeingtheisolatedoperator

andhavingtheflowstopped

theemergencyisexposedonlytotheheatofanignitedspill9.2.1.3ofcannotfireexposurePipinginsulationmaintainpropagateisnecessaryusedinareaswherethemitigationfireintheshallinstalledbemadeconditionofmaterial(s)andthatgencywhenanyexposedpropertiestofire,thatheat,arecold,necessaryorwater.duringanemer-shall9.2.2Piping.

9.2.2.1notbeused.

Furnacelap-weldedandfurnacebutt-weldedpipeshall9.2.2.2used,WherelongitudinalweldedorspiralweldedpipeSectionthe323.2.2weldandofASMEtheheat-affectedB31.3,ProcesszonePiping.shallcomplywithis9.2.2.3ThreadedpipeshallbeatleastSchedule80.9.2.2.4insulatedAfailureequipmentliquidlineonastoragecontainer,coldbox,orothernotwithbecanameltingmadereleaseofpointaluminum,asignificantexternaltotheoutershellorjacket,whoseoflessthancopperquantity2000°Forcopperofflammable(1093°C).alloy,orfluid,materialshall9.2.2.5TransitionJoints.

(A)Transitionjointsshallbeprotectedagainstfireexposure.(B)liquidProtectionagainstfireandhoses.

linesprotectedagainstexposurefireexposureshallnotandbeloadingrequiredarmsfor9.2.2.6notbeused.Castiron,malleableiron,andductileironpipeshall9.2.3Fittings.

9.2.3.1ThreadednipplesshallbeatleastSchedule80.9.2.3.2shallnotCastbeused.

iron,malleableiron,andductileironfittingsNot for Resale

PIPINGSYSTEMSANDCOMPONENTS59A–25

9.2.3.3Bends.

(A)BendsshallbepermittedonlyinaccordancewithASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping,Section332.

(B)Fieldbendingshallnotbeallowedonany300seriesstain-lesssteelorothercryogeniccontainmentcomponent,exceptinstrumenttubing.

9.2.3.4SolidplugsorbullplugsmadeofatleastSchedule80seamlesspipeshallbeusedforthreadedplugs.

9.2.3.5Compression-typecouplingsshallnotbeusedwheretheycanbesubjectedtotemperaturesbelow−20°F(−29°C),unlesstheymeettherequirementsofASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping,Section315.9.2.4Valves.

9.2.4.1InadditiontocomplyingwithASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping,Section307,valvesshallcomplywithASMEB31.5,Re-frigerationPiping;ASMEB31.8,GasTransmissionandDistribu-tionPipingSystems;orAPI6D,SpecificationforPipelineValves,ifdesignconditionsfallwithinthescopeofthosestandards.9.2.4.2Castiron,malleableiron,andductileironvalvesshallnotbeused.9.3Installation.9.3.1PipingJoints.

9.3.1.1Pipejointsof2in.(50mm)nominaldiameterorlessshallbethreaded,welded,orflanged.

9.3.1.2Pipejointslargerthan2in.(50mm)nominaldiam-etershallbeweldedorflanged.

9.3.1.3Wherenecessaryforconnectionstoequipmentorcomponents,wheretheconnectionisnotsubjecttofatigue-producingstresses,jointsof4in.(100mm)nominaldiameterorlessshallbethreaded,welded,orflanged.

9.3.1.4Thenumberofthreadedorflangedjointsshallbeminimizedandusedonlywherenecessary,suchasatmaterialtransitionsorinstrumentconnections,orwhererequiredformaintenance.

9.3.1.5Wherethreadedjointsareused,theyshallbesealweldedorsealedbyothermeansprovenbytest.

9.3.1.6Copper,copperalloys,andstainlesssteelincryogenicserviceshallbejoinedbysilverbrazing.

9.3.1.7Dissimilarmetalsshallbejoinedbyflangesortransi-tionjointtechniquesthathavebeenprovenbytestatthein-tendedserviceconditions.

9.3.1.8Wheregasketsaresubjecttofireexposure,theyshallberesistanttofireexposure.9.3.2Valves.

9.3.2.1Extendedbonnetvalvesshallbeinstalledwithpack-ingsealsinapositionthatpreventsleakageormalfunctionduetofreezing.

9.3.2.2Wheretheextendedbonnetinacryogenicliquidlineisinstalledatananglegreaterthan45degreesfromtheup-rightverticalposition,itshallbedemonstratedtobefreeofleakageandfrostunderoperatingconditions.

9.3.2.3Shutoffvalvesshallbeinstalledoncontainer,tank,andvesselconnections,exceptforthefollowing:

(1)Shutoffvalvesatconnectionsforreliefvalvesinaccordance

withtheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionVIII,Division1,UG-125(d)andAppendixM,M-5andM-6

(2)Connectionsforliquidlevelalarmsasrequiredby10.1.1.3(3)Connectionsthatareblindflangedorplugged

9.3.2.4Shutoffvalvesshallbelocatedinsidetheimpound-mentareaascloseaspracticaltosuchcontainers,tanks,andvesselswhereprovided.

9.3.2.5Thedesignandinstallationofaninternalvalveshallbesuchthatanyfailureofthepenetratingnozzleresultingfromexternalpipestrainisbeyondtheshutoffseatsoftheinternalvalveitself.

9.3.2.6Inadditiontothecontainershutoffvalverequiredin9.3.2.2,containerconnectionslargerthan1in.(25mm)nomi-naldiameterandthroughwhichliquidcanescapeshallbeequippedwithatleastoneofthefollowing:

(1)Avalvethatclosesautomaticallyifexposedtofire

(2)Aremotelycontrolled,quick-closingvalvethatremains

closedexceptduringtheoperatingperiod(3)Acheckvalveonfillingconnections

9.3.2.7Valvesandvalvecontrolsshallbedesignedtoallowop-erationundericingconditionswheresuchconditionscanexist.9.3.2.8Poweredandmanualoperatorsshallbeprovidedforemergencyshutoffvalves8in.(200mm)orlarger.9.3.3Welding.

9.3.3.1QualificationandperformanceofweldersshallbeinaccordancewithSection328.2ofASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping,and9.3.3.2ofthisstandard.

9.3.3.2Fortheweldingofimpact-testedmaterials,qualifiedweldingproceduresshallbeselectedtominimizedegradationofthelow-temperaturepropertiesofthepipematerial.9.3.3.3Fortheweldingofattachmentstounusuallythinpipe,proceduresandtechniquesshallbeselectedtominimizethedangerofburn-throughs.

9.3.3.4Oxygen–fuelgasweldingshallnotbepermitted.9.3.4PipeMarking.Markingsonpipeshallcomplywiththefollowing:

(1)Markingsshallbemadewithamaterialcompatiblewith

thepipematerial,suchaschalk,wax-basecrayons,ormarkinginkswithorganiccoloringorwitharound-bottom,low-stressdie.

(2)*Materialslessthan1⁄4in.(6.35mm)inthicknessshallnot

bediestamped.

(3)Markingmaterialsthatarecorrosivetothepipematerial

shallnotbeused.9.4PipeSupports.

9.4.1Pipesupports,includinganyinsulationsystemsusedtosupportpipewhosestabilityisessentialtoplantsafety,shallberesistanttoorprotectedagainstfireexposure,escapingcoldliquid,orboth,iftheyaresubjecttosuchexposure.

9.4.2Pipesupportsforcoldlinesshallbedesignedtomini-mizeheattransfer,whichcanresultinpipingfailurebyiceformationsorembrittlementofsupportingsteel.

9.4.3ThedesignofsupportingelementsshallconformtoASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping,Section321.

2006Edition

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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59A–26PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

9.5*coding,Pipingpainting,Identification.orlabeling.Pipingshallbeidentifiedbycolor9.6InspectionandTestingofPiping.9.6.1PressureTesting.

9.6.1.1ASMEBPressure31.3,ProcesstestsPipingshall,beSectionconducted345.

inaccordancewith9.6.1.2steelsuitablypipingToavoidaboveshallpossibletheirbebrittlefailure,carbonandlow-alloynilpressureductilitytestedtransitionatmetaltemperature.temperatures9.6.2RecordKeeping.

9.6.2.1ambientRecordseachtest.

temperatureofpressure,shallbetestmaintainedmediumfortemperature,thedurationandof9.6.2.2facilityorTheuntilrecordssuchtimeshallasbearetestmaintainedisconducted.forthelifeofthe9.6.3WeldedPipeTests.

9.6.3.1temperaturesLongitudinallowingrequirements:

below−20°Fwelded(−29°C)pipethatshallismeetsubjectedoneoftotheservicefol-(1)Itshallhaveadesignpressureofless(2)millItshallproofbehydrostaticallytestpressureortestedsubsequentthanpressure.

shop.two-thirdsthe

9.6.3.2byradiographicAllcircumferentialorultrasonicbuttinspection.

weldsshallbeexaminedfully(A)pressureLiquiddrainandvaporventpipingwithspecifiedthatproducesahoopstressoflessthanan20operatingpercentnondestructivelyminimumcordancewithASMEtestedyieldB31.3,ifitstresshasshallnotberequiredtobeProcessbeenPipinginspected,Sectionvisually344.2.inac-(B)havePressurepipingoperatingabove−20°F(−29°C)joints30inaccordancenondestructivelypercentofeachshallwithASMEtestedday’scircumferentiallyweldedpipeB31.3.

overtheentirecircumference,9.6.3.3fullybyliquidAllsocketpenetrantweldsorandmagneticfilletweldsparticleshallinspection.beexamined9.6.3.4tions,shallbeasAllfullypenetratedgrooveweldsforbranchconnec-fullyrequiredexaminedbyASMEbyoneB31.3,oftheProcessfollowingPiping,methods:Section328.5.4,(1)ByBin-processexaminationinaccordancewith(2)particle31.3,SectionByinradiographictechniques344.7andbyliquidpenetrantormagneticASME

orultrasonicafterthefinaltechniquespassoftheweld

thetheinspectorengineeringdesignorspecificallywhereauthorizedspecified

by9.6.4InspectionCriteria.

9.6.4.1defects,personneltheNondestructivequalificationsexaminationofthemethods,limitationsonmentsofASMEperformingB31.3,theProcessexaminationauthorizedPiping,Sectionsshallinspector,meet340andtheand344.require-the9.6.4.2phySubstitutionParagraphorultrasonics341.4.1asshallpermittedofin-processbeprohibited.

inASMEexaminationB31.3,Processforradiogra-Piping,2006Edition

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9.6.5RecordRetention.

9.6.5.1conductingTestrecordsandwrittenproceduresrequiredwhenforexaminationthelifenondestructiveofistheconducted.

pipingsystemexaminationsoruntilshallsuchbetimemaintainedasare-9.6.5.2components,RecordsProcessandandheatcertificationstreatmentaspertainingtomaterials,SectionPiping346shall,subparagraphsbemaintained341.4.1(c)requiredforthelifeandbyASMEB31.3,of341.4.3(d)thesystem.and9.7PurgingofPipingSystems.

9.7.1*Systemsshallbepurgedofairorgas.

9.7.2facilitateBlow-downpurgingofandallpurgeprocessconnectionsandflammableshallbegasprovidedpiping.to9.8SafetyandReliefValves.

9.8.1thatPressure-relievingsafetydevicesshallbearrangedsoreducedthepossibilitytoaminimum.

ofdamagetopipingorappurtenancesis9.8.2besealed.

Themeansforadjustingreliefvalvesetpressureshall9.8.3preventApipelineoverpressurethermalexpansionthatcanbeisolatedinanysectionreliefvalvebyvalves.

ofashallliquidbeorinstalledcoldvaporto9.8.3.1chargeatAorthermalbelowtheexpansiondesignpressurereliefvalveoftheshalllinebeitsetprotects.todis-9.8.3.2directedDischargetominimizefromhazardthermaltopersonnelexpansionandreliefothervalvesequipment.shallbe9.9CorrosionControl.

9.9.1*tectedNACEandUndergroundmaintainedandinaccordancesubmergedwithpipingtheshallprinciplesbepro-ofSubmergedRPMetallic0169,ControlPipingofSystems.

ExternalCorrosionofUndergroundor9.9.2protectedAusteniticstainlesssteelsandaluminumalloysshallbeatmospherictominimizestruction,fabrication,andindustrialcorrosionandpittingfromcorrosivetesting,substancesandservice.

duringstorage,con-9.9.2.1tothepipeTapesorpipingorothercomponentspackagingmaterialsshallnotbethatused.

arecorrosive9.9.2.2aluminumWhereinsulationmaterialscancausecorrosionshallbeutilized.

orstainlesssteels,inhibitorsorwaterproofbarriersofChapter10InstrumentationandElectricalServices

10.1LiquidLevelGauging.10.1.1LNGContainers.

10.1.1.1dentLNGcontainersshallbeequippedwithtwoindepen-tionsliquidinliquidleveldensity.

gaugingdevicesthatcompensateforvaria-10.1.1.2thatGaugingdevicesshallbedesignedandinstalledsoofoperation.

theycanbereplacedwithouttakingthecontaineroutNot for Resale

---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--INSTRUMENTATIONANDELECTRICALSERVICES59A–27

10.1.1.3Eachcontainershallbeprovidedwithtwoindepen-denthigh-liquid-levelalarms,whichshallbepermittedtobepartoftheliquidlevelgaugingdevices.

(A)Thealarmshallbesetsothattheoperatorcanstoptheflowwithoutexceedingthemaximumpermittedfillingheightandshallbelocatedsothattheyareaudibletopersonnelcon-trollingthefilling.

(B)Thehigh-liquid-levelflowcutoffdevicerequiredin10.1.1.3shallnotbeconsideredasasubstituteforthealarm.10.1.1.4TheLNGcontainershallbeequippedwithahigh-liquid-levelflowcutoffdevice,whichshallbeseparatefromallgauges.

10.1.2TanksforRefrigerantsorFlammableProcessFluids.10.1.2.1Eachstoragetankshallbeequippedwithaliquidlevelgaugingdevice.

10.1.2.2Ifitispossibletooverfillthetank,ahigh-liquid-levelalarmshallbeprovidedinaccordancewith10.1.1.3.

10.1.2.3Therequirementsof10.1.1.3shallapplytoinstalla-tionsofflammablerefrigerants.

10.2PressureGauging.Eachcontainershallbeequippedwithapressuregaugeconnectedtothecontaineratapointabovethemaximumintendedliquidlevel.

10.3VacuumGauging.Vacuum-jacketedequipmentshallbeequippedwithinstrumentsorconnectionsforcheckingtheabsolutepressureintheannularspace.

10.4TemperatureIndicators.Temperature-monitoringde-vicesshallbeprovidedinfield-erectedcontainerstoassistincontrollingtemperatureswhenthecontainerisplacedintoserviceorasamethodofcheckingandcalibratingliq-uidlevelgauges.

10.4.1Vaporizersshallbeprovidedwithindicatorstomoni-torinletandoutlettemperaturesofLNG,vaporizedgas,andheating-mediumfluidstoensureeffectivenessoftheheattransfersurface.

10.4.2Temperature-monitoringsystemsshallbeprovidedwherefoundationssupportingcryogeniccontainersandequip-mentcouldbeaffectedadverselybyfreezingorfrostheavingoftheground.

10.5EmergencyShutdown.Instrumentationforliquefac-tion,storage,andvaporizationfacilitiesshallbedesignedsothat,intheeventthatpowerorinstrumentairfailureoc-curs,thesystemwillproceedtoafailsafeconditionthatismaintaineduntiltheoperatorscantakeactioneithertoreactivateortosecurethesystem.10.6ElectricalEquipment.

10.6.1Electricalequipmentandwiringshallbeinaccor-dancewithNFPA70,NationalElectricalCode,orCSAC22.1,CanadianElectricalCode,forhazardouslocations.

10.6.2*FixedelectricalequipmentandwiringinstalledwithintheclassifiedareasspecifiedinTable10.6.2shallcomplywithTable10.6.2andFigure10.6.2andshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithNFPA70,NationalElectricalCode,forhazardouslocations.

10.6.3ElectricallyclassifiedareasshallbeasspecifiedinTable10.6.2.

Sphere having radius

of 15 ft (4.5 m)—Division 2Sphere havingradius of 5 ft (1.5 m)—Division 1•Point of connectionor source ofexcessive releaseof liquid or gasHorizontalequator ofsphere

Grade levelCylindrical volume—Division 2 [includesbottom half of 15 ft(4.5 m) radius sphere]

FIGURE10.6.2ExtentofClassifiedAreaAroundContainers.(A)Theextentoftheelectricallyclassifiedareashallnotextendbeyondanunpiercedwall,roof,orsolidvaportightpartition.(B)Theextentoftheelectricallyclassifiedareasshallbemea-suredinaccordancewithTable10.6.2.

10.6.4TheinteriorofanLNGcontainershallnotbeaclassi-fiedareawherethefollowingconditionsaremet:

(1)Electricalequipmentisde-energizedandlockedoutuntil

thecontainerispurgedofair.

(2)Electricalequipmentisde-energizedandlockedoutprior

toallowingairintothecontainer.

(3)Theelectricalsystemisdesignedandoperatedtode-energizetheequipmentautomaticallywhenthepressureinthecontainerisreducedtoatmosphericpressure.10.6.5Eachinterfacebetweenaflammablefluidsystemandanelectricalconduitorwiringsystem,includingprocessin-strumentationconnections,integralvalveoperators,founda-tionheatingcoils,cannedpumps,andblowers,shallbesealedorisolatedtopreventthepassageofflammablefluidstoan-otherportionoftheelectricalinstallation.

10.6.5.1Eachseal,barrier,orothermeansusedtocomplywith10.6.4shallbedesignedtopreventthepassageofflammableflu-idsthroughtheconduit,strandedconductors,andcables.10.6.5.2Aprimarysealshallbeprovidedbetweentheflam-mablefluidsystemandtheelectricalconduitwiringsystem.(A)Ifthefailureoftheprimarysealallowsthepassageofflam-mablefluidstoanotherportionoftheconduitorwiringsystem,anadditionalapprovedseal,barrier,orothermeansshallbepro-videdtopreventthepassageoftheflammablefluidbeyondtheadditionaldeviceormeansiftheprimarysealfails.

(B)Eachprimarysealshallbedesignedtowithstandtheser-viceconditionstowhichitcanbeexposed.

(C)Eachadditionalsealorbarrierandinterconnectingen-closureshallbedesignedtomeetthepressureandtempera-turerequirementsoftheconditiontowhichitcouldbeex-posedintheeventoffailureoftheprimarysealunlessotherapprovedmeansareprovidedtoaccomplishthepurpose.10.6.5.3SecondarySeal.

(A)Wheresecondarysealsareused,thespacebetweentheprimaryandsecondarysealsshallbecontinuouslyventedtotheatmosphere.

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Table10.6.2ElectricalAreaClassification

PartA

Location

LNGstoragecontainerswithvacuumbreakersInsidecontainers

LNGstoragecontainerareaIndoors

Outdoorabovegroundcontainers(otherthansmallcontainers)bGroupD,DivisionaExtentofClassifiedArea

2112

Entirecontainerinterior

Entireroom

Openareabetweenahigh-typedikeandthecontainerwallwheredikewallheightexceedsdistancebetweendikeandcontainerwalls[SeeFigureA.10.6.2(b).]Within15ft(4.5m)inalldirectionsfromcontainerwallsandroofplusareainsidealow-typedikedorimpoundingareauptotheheightofthedikeimpoundmentwall[SeeFigureA.10.6.2(a).]

Withinanyopenspacebetweencontainerwallsandsurroundinggradeordike[SeeFigureA.10.6.2(c).]

Within15ft(4.5m)inalldirectionsfromroofandsides[SeeFigureA.10.6.2(c).]

Outdoorbelowgroundcontainers

NonfiredLNGprocessareascontainingpumps,compressors,heatexchangers,pipelines,

connections,smallcontainers,andsoforth

IndoorswithadequateventilationcOutdoorsinopenairatorabovegradePits,trenches,orsumpslocatedinoradjacenttoDivision1or2areasDischargefromreliefvalvesOperationalbleeds,drips,vents,ordrains

IndoorswithadequateventilationcOutdoorsinopenairatorabovegrade

Entireroomandanyadjacentroomnotseparatedbyagastightpartitionand15ft(4.5m)beyondanywallorroofventilationdischargeventorlouverWithin15ft(4.5m)inalldirectionsfromthisequipmentandwithinthe

cylindricalvolumebetweenthehorizontalequatorofthesphereandgrade[SeeFigure10.6.2.]Entirepit,trench,orsump

1Withindirectpathofreliefvalvedischarge

1212

Within5ft(1.5m)inalldirectionsfrompointofdischarge

Beyond5ft(1.5m)andentireroomand15ft(4.5m)beyondanywallorroofventilationdischargeventorlouver

Within5ft(1.5m)inalldirectionsfrompointofdischarge

Beyond5ft(1.5m)butwithin15ft(4.5m)inalldirectionsfrompointofdischarge

Tankcar,tankvehicle,andcontainerloadingandunloading

IndoorswithadequateventilationcOutdoorsinopenairatorabovegrade

1212

Within5ft(1.5m)inalldirectionsfromconnectionsregularlymadeordisconnectedforproducttransfer

Beyond5ft(1.5m)andentireroomand15ft(4.5m)beyondanywallorroofventilationdischargeventorlouver

Within5ft(1.5m)inalldirectionsfromconnectionsregularlymadeordisconnectedforproducttransfer

Beyond5ft(1.5m)butwithin15ft(4.5m)inalldirectionsfromapointwhereconnectionsareregularlymadeordisconnectedandwithinthecylindricalvolumebetweenthehorizontalequatorofthesphereandgrade[SeeFigure10.6.2.]Within15ft(4.5m)inalldirectionsfromtheequipmentandwithinthecylindricalvolumebetweenthehorizontalequatorofthesphereandgrade

aElectricalsealsandventsspecifiedin10.6.4and10.6.5

SeeArticle500inNFPA70,NationalElectricalCode,fordefinitionsofclasses,groups,anddivisions.MostoftheflammablevaporsandgasesfoundwithinthefacilitiescoveredbyNFPA59AareclassifiedasGroupD.EthyleneisclassifiedasGroupC.Muchavailableelectricalequipmentforhazardouslocationsissuitableforbothgroups.bSmallcontainersarethosethatareportableandoflessthan200gal(760L)capacity.cVentilationisconsideredadequatewhereprovidedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisstandard.

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(B)Similarprovisionsto10.6.5.3(A)shallbemadeondouble-integrityprimarysealantsystemsofthetypeusedforsubmergedmotorpumps.

(C)Therequirementsof10.6.5.3(A)shallapplytodouble-integrityprimarysealantsystems.

10.6.5.4Thesealsspecifiedin10.6.4,10.6.5,and10.6.6shallnotbeusedtomeetthesealingrequirementsofNFPA70,NationalElectricalCode,orCSAC22.1,CanadianElectricalCode.10.6.6Whereprimarysealsareinstalled,drains,vents,orotherdevicesshallbeprovidedtodetectflammablefluidsandleakage.10.6.7Theventingofaconduitsystemshallminimizethepossibilityofdamagetopersonnelandequipmentifaflam-mablegas–airmixtureisignited.10.7ElectricalGroundingandBonding.

10.7.1*General.Electricalgroundingandbondingshallbeprovided.

10.7.2Staticprotectionshallnotberequiredwheretankcars,tankvehicles,ormarineequipmentareloadedorun-loadedandwherebothhalvesofmetallichosecouplingsorpipeareincontact.

10.7.3*Ifstraycurrentscanbepresentorifimpressedcur-rentsareusedonloadingandunloadingsystems(suchasforcathodicprotection),protectivemeasurestopreventignitionshallbetaken.

10.7.4*LightningprotectionshallnotberequiredonLNGstoragecontainers,exceptthatlightningprotectiongroundrodsshallbeprovidedfortankssupportedonnonconductivefoundations.

11.3.2.2Theclosingshallnotcausepipestressesthatcanresultinpipefailure.

11.3.3Apipingsystemusedforperiodictransferofcoldfluidshallbeprovidedwithameansforprecoolingbeforetransfer.11.3.4Checkvalvesshallbeinstalledintransfersystemstopreventbackflowandshallbelocatedascloseaspracticaltothepointofconnectiontoanysystemfromwhichbackflowmightoccur.11.4Purging.

11.4.1Thetemperatureofthepurgegasorliquidshallbeatorabovetheminimumdesigntemperatureofthecontainer.11.4.2Pipingsystemsshallbepurgedofairorgasinasafemanner.(SeeSection9.7.)

11.4.3*ContainerPurgingProcedures.

11.4.3.1Onlyexperienced,trainedpersonnelshallpurgeLNGcontainers.

11.4.3.2BeforeanLNGcontainerisputintoservice,theairshallbedisplacedbyaninertgas,followingawrittenpurgingprocedure.

11.4.3.3*Beforeacontaineristakenoutofservice,thenaturalgasinthecontainershallbepurgedfromthecontainerwithaninertgas,usingawrittenpurgingmethod.

11.4.3.4Duringpurgingoperations,theoxygencontentofthecontainershallbemonitoredbytheuseofanoxygenanalyzer.11.5PumpandCompressorControl.

11.5.1Inadditiontoalocallymounteddeviceforshutdownofthepumporcompressordrive,areadilyaccessible,re-motelylocateddeviceshallbeprovidedaminimumof25ft(7.6m)awayfromtheequipmenttoshutdownthepumporcompressorinanemergency.

11.5.2Remotelylocatedpumpsandcompressorsusedforloadingorunloadingtankcars,tankvehicles,ormarineves-selsshallbeprovidedwithcontrolstostoptheiroperationthatarelocatedattheloadingorunloadingareaandatthepumporcompressorsite.

11.5.3Controlslocatedaboardamarinevesselshallmeettherequirementin11.5.2.

11.5.4Signallightsshallbeprovidedattheloadingorunload-ingareatoindicatewhetheraremotelylocatedpumporcom-pressorusedforloadingorunloadingisidleorinoperation.11.6MarineShippingandReceiving.

11.6.1EachfacilitythathandlesLNGshalldevelopacontin-gencyplantoaddresspotentialincidentsthatcanoccurinornearthetransferareaandshallincludethefollowing:(1)Adescriptionofthefireequipmentandsystemsandtheir

operatingprocedures,includingaplanshowingtheloca-tionsofallemergencyequipment

(2)LNGreleaseresponseprocedures,includingcontactin-formationforlocalresponseorganizations

(3)Emergencyproceduresforunmooringavessel,including

theuseofemergencytowingwires(e.g.,“firewarps”)(4)Tugrequirementsforemergencysituationsandforspe-cificforeseeableincidentsthatareberthspecific

(5)Telephonenumbersofauthoritieshavingjurisdiction,

hospitals,firedepartments,andotheremergencyre-sponseagencies

Chapter11TransferofLNGandRefrigerants

11.1Scope.ThischapterappliestothetransferofLNGrefrig-erants,flammableliquids,andflammablegasesbetweenstor-agecontainersortanksandpointsofreceiptorshipmentbypipeline,tankcar,tankvehicle,ormarinevessel.11.2GeneralRequirements.

11.2.1Atleastonequalifiedpersonshallbeinconstantatten-dancewhileatransferisinprogress.

11.2.2Sourcesofignition,suchaswelding,flames,andun-classifiedelectricalequipment,shallnotbepermittedinload-ingorunloadingareaswhiletransferisinprogress.

11.2.3Loadingandunloadingareasshallbepostedwithsignsthatread“NoSmoking.”

11.2.4Wheremultipleproductsareloadedorunloadedatthesamelocation,loadingarms,hoses,ormanifoldsshallbeidentifiedormarkedtoindicatetheproductorproductstobehandledbyeachsystem.11.3PipingSystem.

11.3.1Isolationvalvesshallbeinstalledattheextremityofeachtransfersystem.11.3.2*ClosureTime.

11.3.2.1Wherepower-operatedisolationvalvesareinstalled,theclosuretimeshallnotproduceahydraulicshockcapableofcausinglineorequipmentfailure.

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11.6.2incorporateThethedesignfollowing:ofpiers,docks,wharves,andjettiesshall(1)(2)Wave(3)Windcharacteristics(4)Prevailingcharacteristics(5)Tidal(6)Waterranges

currentsMaximumdepthattheberthandintheapproachchannel(7)andallowableabsorbedenergyduringberthing(8)ArrangementmaximumfacepressureonthefendersVessel(10)(9)Vesselapproachofbreastingvelocitydolphins(11)Minimumapproach(12)Safe(13)Arrangementworkingtugenveloperequirements,angle

oftheincludinghorsepowerNumber,(14)

andlocation,ofmooringandloaddolphins

loading/unloadingarmscapacityofmooringArrangementsmooringlinehookssystems

forcharacteristics

shipandshoreemergencyshutdown11.6.3tounberthing.

thevesselTherequirementsoperatortofacilitateof11.6.1safeshallvesselbecommunicatedberthingand11.6.4MooringPlans.

11.6.4.1eachAvessel-specificmooringplandevelopedshipcallingin11.6.2.

atthewaterfrontfacilityshallutilizingbedevelopedthecriteriafor11.6.4.2dock--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---area.

Mooringplansshallbeavailableforinspectionatthe11.6.5manner.

Thevesselshallbemooredinasafeandeffective11.6.6classifiedSourcesofignition,suchaswelding,flames,andun-marinetransferelectricalareaequipment,whiletransfershallisnotinprogress.

bepermittedinthe11.6.7signsthatLoadingread“NoandSmoking”unloadingandareasshallbeshallstrictlybepostedenforced.with11.6.8vessel,(30shallGeneralnotcargo,behandledotherthanoverships’astoresfortheLNGtankmablem)fluidsofthearepointbeingoftransferredtransferconnectionpierordockwithin100ftthroughpipingwhileLNGsystems.orflam-11.6.9theyPipelinesshallbelocatedonthedockorpiersothatpossiblearenotcausesexposedofphysicaltodamagedamage.

fromvehiculartrafficorother11.6.10thattheirtheyUnderwaterpipelinesshallbelocatedorprotectedsolocationarenotshallexposedbepostedtodamageoridentified.

frommarinetraffic,and11.6.11providedIsolationliquidblockedandatvaportheloadingvalvingandbleedconnectionsshallbereturnlinesorunloadingsothatmanifoldforbothforedisconnecting.

off,drainedorpumpedout,hosesanddepressurizedandarmscanbe-be(A)8Liquidisolationvalves,regardlessofsize,andvaporvalvesoperatorsin.(200inmm)additionandlargertoameansshallforbemanualequippedoperation.withpowered(B)bothPower-operatedvalvesshallbecapableof50ft(15locallym)andfromfromtheamanifoldremotecontrolarea.

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(C)thevalvevalveUnlessexposureshallactuatorthevalveautomaticallyfailsclosedonlossofpower,ofbeanditspowersupplywithin50ft(15m)oftheatprotectedleasta10-minuteagainstoperationalduration.

failureduetoafire(D)nectionValvestotheshallmanifold.

belocatedatthepointofhoseorarmcon-(E)Bleedsorventsshalldischargetoasafearea.

11.6.12eachaccessiblevaporInreturnadditionandtotheisolationvalvesatthemanifold,tothepierisolationordock.

valveliquidlocatedtransferonshorelineshallnearhavetheapproachareadily(A)groupedWhereinonemorelocation.

thanonelineisinvolved,thevalvesshallbe(B)Valvesshallbeidentifiedfortheirservice.

(C)poweredValvesoperators.

8in.(200mm)andlargershallbeequippedwith(D)Meansformanualoperationshallbeprovided.11.6.13videdthemanifoldwithPipelinesacheckusedisolationvalveonlyvalve.

locatedforliquidattheunloadingmanifoldshalladjacentbepro-to11.6.14shallnecttobetheequippedMarineterminalsvessel’swithvaporareturnvaporusedreturnforloadingconnections.linedesignedshipsortobargescon-11.6.15TransferOperations.

11.6.15.1shalldure,beincludingthoroughlyAllpersonspotentialfamiliarinvolvedhazardswithinalltheandaspectsmarineemergencyofthetransfertransferofLNGprocedures.proce-11.6.15.2erationsquirementsshallEachofhavepersonSectionbeeninvolved4.2trainedinandshallinthehaveaccordanceshoresidethefollowing:withtransfertheop-re-(1)(2)At(3)Knowledgeleast48hoursofLNGtransferexperience(4)

FamiliarityofthehazardsofLNG

Knowledgewithmanualandofemergencythetheproceduresprovisionsmanual

inoftheChapterterminal’s11

operations11.6.16Certification.

11.6.16.1provisionsofThe11.6.15terminalaremetoperatorbeforeshalltransfercertifyofinLNGwritingbegins.thatthe11.6.16.2thewaterfrontThisfacilitycertificationhandlingshallLNG.

beavailableforinspectionat11.6.17following:

BeforetransferringLNG,thefacilityshalldothe(1)Inspect(2)ingNotethetransferthetransferandpipingreplaceandanyequipmentwornorinoperabletobeusedpartsdur-theyarethesafepressure,fortransfertemperature,andvolumetoensure

(3)tanksReviewfromwhichcargowillforbeeachtransferred

ofthevessel’scargo(4)quenceandReviewandoftransferagreeagreewithoperations

withthevesseloperatoronthese-thevesseloperatoronthe(5)rate

transfer

Reviewlocation,andandagreewatcheswithoftheeachvesselpersonoperatorassignedontheforduties,

(6)ferReviewoperations

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TRANSFEROFLNGANDREFRIGERANTS59A–31

(7)Reviewandagreewiththevesseloperatoronmeans

(dedicatedchannels,etc.)ofmaintainingadirectcom-municationlinkbetweenthewatchesontheshipandshoresidethroughoutthecargotransfer

(8)Ensurethattransferconnectionsallowthevesseltomove

tothelimitsofitsmooringswithoutexceedingthenormaloperatingenvelopeoftheloadingarms

(9)Ensurethateachpartofthetransfersystemisalignedto

allowtheflowofLNGtothedesiredlocation

(10)Verifythatthecargoliquidandvaporlinesonthevessel,

theloadingarms,andtheshoresidepipingsystemshavebeenpurgedofoxygen

(11)EnsurethatwarningsignsthatwarnthatLNGisbeing

transferredaredisplayed

(12)Verifythattherearenoignitionsourcesinthemarine

transferareaforLNG

(13)Ensurethatpersonnelareondutyinaccordancewith

theoperationsmanual

(14)Testthesensingandalarmsystems,theemergencyshut-downsystem,andthecommunicationsystemstodeter-minethattheyareoperable11.6.18Afterthepretransferinspectionrequiredby11.6.17hasbeensatisfactorilycompleted,thereshallbenotransferofLNGuntiladeclarationofinspectionthatdemonstratesfullcompliancewith11.6.17isexecutedandsigned.

(A)Onesignedcopyofthedeclarationofinspectionshallbegiventothepersoninchargeoftransferoperationsonthevessel,andonesignedcopyshallberetainedatthewaterfrontfacilityhandlingLNGfor30daysaftercompletionofthetransfer.(B)Eachdeclarationofinspectionshallcontainthefollowing:(1)Thenameofthevesselandthewaterfrontfacilityhan-dlingLNG

(2)Thedatesandtimesthattransferoperationsbeganand

ended

(3)Thesignatureofthepersoninchargeofshoresidetrans-feroperationsandthedateandtimeofsigning,indicat-ingthatheorsheisreadytobegintransferoperations(4)Thesignatureofeachreliefpersoninchargeandthedate

andtimeofeachrelief

(5)Thesignatureofthepersoninchargeofshoresidetrans-feroperationsandthedateandtimeofsigningindicatingthatthemarinetransferhasbeencompleted11.6.19*EachmarineLNGtransfersystemshallhaveanemer-gencyshutdown(ESD)systemthatdoesthefollowing:(1)Canbeactivatedmanually

(2)ProvidesfortheorderlyshutdownofLNGtransfer

components11.6.20*Thereshallbetwoindependentmeansofegress,in-cludingemergencyegress,fromtheship.

11.6.21Duringtransferofaship’sstores,includingnitrogen,thefollowingshallapply:

(1)Personnelinvolvedinthetransferofaship’sstoresshall

nothavesimultaneousresponsibilityinvolvedinthetrans-ferofLNG

(2)NovesselsshallbemooredalongsidetheLNGvesselwith-outthepermissionofthefacilityoperator11.6.22BunkeringOperations.

11.6.22.1Bunkeringoperationsshallbeinaccordancewithanyrequirementsestablishedbytheagencyhavingjurisdic-tionovervesselsorterminals.

11.6.22.2Duringbunkeringoperations,thefollowingshallapply:

(1)Personnelinvolvedinbunkeringoperationsshallnot

havesimultaneousresponsibilityinvolvedinthetransferofLNG.

(2)NovesselsshallbemooredalongsidetheLNGvesselwith-outthepermissionoftheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.(3)Thepersoninchargeofbunkeringoperationsonthe

bunkeringvesselshallbeincontinuouscommunicationwiththepersoninchargeofbunkeringoperationsontheLNGvessel.11.7TankVehicleandTankCarLoadingandUnloadingFacilities.

11.7.1TransfershallbemadeonlyintotankcarsapprovedforLNGservice.

11.7.2TankvehiclesnotunderthejurisdictionoftheDOTshallcomplywiththefollowingstandards:

(1)LNGtankvehiclesshallcomplywithCGA341,Standardfor

InsulatedCargoTankSpecificationforCryogenicLiquids.

(2)LP-GastankvehiclesshallcomplywithNFPA58,Liquefied

PetroleumGasCode.

(3)FlammableliquidtankvehiclesshallcomplywithNFPA385,

StandardforTankVehiclesforFlammableandCombustibleLiquids.11.7.3Arackstructure,ifprovided,shallbeconstructedofanoncombustiblematerial.

11.7.4Atankvehicleloadingandunloadingareashallbeofsufficientsizetoaccommodatethevehicleswithoutexcessivemovementorturningofthevehicles.

11.7.5Transferpiping,pumps,andcompressorsshallbelo-catedorprotectedbybarrierssothattheyareprotectedfromdamagebyrailorvehiclemovements.

11.7.6Isolationvalvesandbleedconnectionsshallbeprovidedattheloadingorunloadingmanifoldforbothliquidandvaporreturnlinessothathosesandarmscanbeblockedoff,drainedofliquid,anddepressurizedbeforedisconnecting.11.7.7Bleedsorventsshalldischargetoasafearea.11.7.8Inadditiontotheisolationvalvingatthemanifold,anemergencyvalveshallbeprovidedineachliquidandvaporlineatleast25ft(7.6m)butnotmorethan100ft(30m)fromeachloadingorunloadingarea.

11.7.8.1Emergencyvalvesshallbereadilyaccessibleforemer-gencyuse.

11.7.8.2Whereacommonlineservesmultipleloadingorunloadingareas,onlyoneemergencyvalveshallberequired.11.7.8.3Wheretheloadingorunloadingareaiscloserthan25ft(7.6m)tothesendingorreceivingcontainer,avalvethatcanbeoperatedremotelyfromapoint25ftto100ft(7.6mto30m)fromtheareashallbeinstalled.

11.7.9Pipelinesusedonlyforliquidunloadingshallhaveacheckvalveatthemanifoldadjacenttothemanifoldisola-tionvalve.

11.8PipelineShippingandReceiving.

11.8.1Isolationvalvesshallbeinstalledatallpointswheretransfersystemsconnectintopipelinesystems.

11.8.2Thepipelinesystemshallbedesignedsothatitcannotexceeditstemperatureorpressurelimits.

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59A–32PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

11.8.3signsthatLoadingread“NoandSmoking.”

unloadingareasshallbepostedwith11.8.4sametifiedlocation,Whereloadingmultipleproductsareloadedorunloadedatthehandledorbymarkedeachsystem.

toindicatearms,hoses,theandproductmanifoldsorproductsshallbetoiden-be11.8.5loadingBleedorventconnectionsshallpriortodisconnecting.

armsandhosescanbedrainedbeandprovideddepressurizedsothat11.8.6mittedIfventedtoasafelocation,gasorliquidshallthecontentstobeventedofonetocontainertheatmospheretoanother.toassistintransferringbeper-11.9HosesandArms.

11.9.1theHosesorarmsunloadingtemperaturesystem.

andpressureusedfortransferconditionsshallofbethedesignedloadingforor11.9.2designedHosesshallbeapprovedfortheserviceandworkingpressure.

foraburstingpressureofnotlessthanfivetimesshallthebe11.9.3usedwhereFlexibleoperatingmetallictemperatureshoseorpipecanandbebelowswivel−joints60°F(shall−51°C).be11.9.4shallthelimitshaveLoadingofalarmsarmstheirextensiontoindicateusedforenvelopes.

thatmarinethearmsloadingareorapproachingunloading11.9.5formationCounterweightsonuninsulatedshallhosesbeorselectedarms.

tooperatewithice11.9.6pumpHosesshallbevisuallypressurebeforeeachorrelieftesteduseforvalveatleastdamagesettingannuallytothemaximumoranddefects.

shallbeinspected11.9.7odicallyMarinetestedasloadingrequiredorbyunloadingtheauthorityoperationshavingshalljurisdiction.beperi-11.9.8Flanges.

11.9.8.1ingWhenloadingarmsareconnectedformarineload-utilizedorunloadingfortheconnection.

operations,allboltholesinaflangeshallbe11.9.8.2gagedinloadingBlindflangesorunloadingshallbeoperations.

utilizedonthosearmsnoten-11.9.9priorMarineloadingorunloadingoperationsshallbepurgedtionoftotransfer.

useandpurgedandcompletelydraineduponcomple-11.9.10bientpressureMarinewhenloadingconnectingorunloadingordisconnectingoperationsshallthearm(s).beatam-11.10CommunicationsandLighting.

11.10.1unloadingCommunicationsshallbeprovidedatwithingoperation.

otherpersonnellocationstoassociatedallowthewithoperatortheloadingtobeloadingorinunload-contactand11.10.2shallhaveFacilitieslightingtransferringatthetransferLNGarea.

duringhoursofdarkness11.10.3ship-to-shoreTheLNGgencyship-to-shorecommunicationmarinetransfercommunicationsystemareasystem.

andforaLNGseparateshallhaveemer-a11.10.4continuouslyThemonitoredcommunicationbothsystemaboardrequiredshipandinat11.10.3theterminal.

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Chapter12

FireProtection,Safety,andSecurity

12.1Scope.

12.1.1Thischaptercoversequipmentandproceduresde-signedtominimizetheconsequencesfromreleasedLNG,flammablerefrigerants,flammableliquids,andflammablegasesinfacilitiesconstructedandarrangedinaccordancewiththisstandard.

12.1.2TheprovisionsinChapter12augmenttheleakandspillcontrolprovisionsinotherchapters.

12.1.3Thischapterincludesbasicplantsecurityprovisions.12.2*General.FireprotectionshallbeprovidedforallLNGfacilities.

12.2.1*Theextentofsuchprotectionshallbedeterminedbyanevaluationbasedonfireprotectionengineeringprin-ciples,analysisoflocalconditions,hazardswithinthefacil-ity,andexposuretoorfromotherproperty.12.2.2Theevaluationshalldeterminethefollowing:(1)Thetype,quantity,andlocationofequipmentnecessary

forthedetectionandcontroloffires,leaks,andspillsofLNG,flammablerefrigerants,orflammablegases

(2)Thetype,quantity,andlocationofequipmentnecessary

forthedetectionandcontrolofpotentialnonprocessandelectricalfires

(3)Themethodsnecessaryforprotectionoftheequipment

andstructuresfromtheeffectsoffireexposure(4)Fireprotectionwatersystems

(5)Fire-extinguishingandotherfirecontrolequipment(6)Theequipmentandprocessestobeincorporatedwithin

theemergencyshutdown(ESD)system,includinganaly-sisofsubsystems,ifany,andtheneedfordepressurizingspecificvesselsorequipmentduringafireemergency(7)Thetypeandlocationofsensorsnecessarytoinitiate

automaticoperationoftheESDsystemoritssubsystems(8)Theavailabilityanddutiesofindividualplantpersonnel

andtheavailabilityofexternalresponsepersonneldur-inganemergency

(9)*Theprotectiveequipment,specialtraining,andqualifi-cationneededbyindividualplantpersonnelasspecifiedbyNFPA600,StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades,fortheirrespectiveemergencyduties

(10)Otherfireprotectionequipmentandsystems12.3EmergencyShutdownSystems.

12.3.1EachLNGfacilityshallhaveanESDsystem(s)toisolateorshutoffasourceofLNG,flammableliquids,flammablerefrig-erant,orflammablegases,andtoshutdownequipmentwhosecontinuedoperationcouldaddtoorsustainanemergency.12.3.2Wherevalvesandequipmentareinstalledbasedonotherrequirementsofthisstandard,andavalveorequipmentisrequiredforanemergencyshutdownsystem,duplicatevalvesandequipmentshallnotberequired.

12.3.3Ifequipmentshutdownwillintroduceahazardorre-sultinmechanicaldamagetoequipment,theshutdownofanyequipmentoritsauxiliariesshallbeomittedfromtheESDsystemiftheeffectsofthecontinuedreleaseofflammableorcombustiblefluidsarecontrolled.

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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FIREPROTECTION,SAFETY,ANDSECURITY59A–33

12.3.4TheESDsystem(s)shallbeofafailsafedesignorshallbeotherwiseinstalled,located,orprotectedtominimizethepossibilitythatitbecomesinoperativeintheeventofanemer-gencyorafailureatthenormalcontrolsystem.

12.3.5ESDsystemsthatarenotofafailsafedesignshallhaveallcomponentsthatarelocatedwithin50ft(15m)oftheequipmenttobecontrolledineitherofthefollowingways:(1)Installedorlocatedwheretheycannotbeexposedtoafire(2)Protectedagainstfailureduetoafireexposureofatleast

10minutes’duration12.3.6Operatinginstructionsidentifyingthelocationandop-erationofemergencycontrolsshallbepostedinthefacilityarea.12.3.7Manualactuatorsshallbelocatedinanareaaccessibleinanemergency,shallbeatleast50ft(15m)fromtheequipmenttheyserve,andshallbemarkedwiththeirdesignatedfunction.12.4FireandLeakDetection.

12.4.1Areas,includingenclosedbuildings,thatcanhaveflam-mablegaspresent,LNGorflammablerefrigerantspills,andfireshallbemonitoredasrequiredbytheevaluationin12.2.1.12.4.2GasDetection.

12.4.2.1Continuouslymonitoredlow-temperaturesensorsorflammablegasdetectionsystemsshallsoundanalarmattheplantsiteandataconstantlyattendedlocationiftheplantsiteisnotattendedcontinuously.

12.4.2.2Flammablegasdetectionsystemsshallactivateanaudibleandavisualalarmatnotmorethan25percentofthelowerflammablelimitofthegasorvaporbeingmonitored.12.4.3FireDetectors.

12.4.3.1Firedetectorsshallactivateanalarmattheplantsiteandataconstantlyattendedlocationiftheplantsiteisnotattendedcontinuously.

12.4.3.2Ifsodeterminedbyanevaluationinaccordancewith12.2.1,firedetectorsshallbepermittedtoactivatepor-tionsoftheESDsystem.

12.4.4Thedetectionsystemsshallbedesigned,installed,andmaintainedinaccordancewithNFPA72,NationalFireAlarmCode.12.5FireProtectionWaterSystems.

12.5.1Awatersupplyandasystemfordistributingandapplyingwatershallbeprovidedforprotectionofexpo-sures;forcoolingcontainers,equipment,andpiping;andforcontrollingunignitedleaksandspillsunlessanevalua-tioninaccordancewith12.2.1determinesthattheuseofwaterisunnecessaryorimpractical.

12.5.2Thefirewatersupplyanddistributionsystems,ifpro-vided,shallsimultaneouslysupplywatertofixedfireprotec-tionsystems,includingmonitornozzles,attheirdesignflowandpressure,involvedinthemaximumsingleincidentex-pectedintheplantplusanallowanceof1000gpm(63L/sec)forhandhosestreamsfornotlessthan2hours.

12.6FireExtinguishingandOtherFireControlEquipment.12.6.1*Portableorwheeledfireextinguishersshallberecom-mendedforgasfiresbytheirmanufacturer.

12.6.1.1Portableorwheeledfireextinguishersshallbeavail-ableatstrategiclocations,asdeterminedinaccordancewith12.2.1,withinanLNGfacilityandontankvehicles.

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---12.6.1.2Portableandwheeledfireextinguishersshallcon-formtotherequirementsofNFPA10,StandardforPortableFireExtinguishers.

12.6.2Ifprovided,automotiveandtrailer-mountedfireappa-ratusshallnotbeusedforanyotherpurpose.

12.6.3FiretrucksshallconformtoNFPA1901,StandardforAutomotiveFireApparatus.

12.6.4Automotivevehiclesassignedtotheplantshallbepro-videdwithaminimumofoneportabledrychemicalextin-guisherhavingacapacityofnotlessthan18lb(8.2kg).12.7MaintenanceofFireProtectionEquipment.Facilityop-eratorsshallprepareandimplementamaintenanceprogramforallplantfireprotectionequipment.12.8PersonnelSafety.

12.8.1*ProtectiveclothingthatwillprovideprotectionagainsttheeffectsofexposuretoLNGshallbeavailableandreadilyaccessibleatthefacility.

12.8.2Employeeswhoareinvolvedinemergencyresponseac-tivitiesshallbeequippedwithprotectiveclothingandequipmentandtrainedinaccordancewithNFPA600,StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades.

12.8.3*Writtenpracticesandproceduresshallbedevelopedtoprotectemployeesfromthehazardsofentryintoconfinedorhazardousspaces.

12.8.4*Atleastthreeportableflammablegasindicatorsshallbereadilyavailable.12.9*Security.

12.9.1SecurityAssessment.

12.9.1.1Asecurityassessmentcoveringhazards,threats,vulnerabilities,andconsequencesshallbepreparedfortheLNGfacility.

12.9.1.2Thesecurityassessmentshallbeavailabletotheau-thorityhavingjurisdictiononanonpublicbasis.

12.9.2Thefacilityoperatorshallprovideasecuritysystemwithcontrolledaccessthatisdesignedtoprevententrybyun-authorizedpersons.

12.9.3AtLNGfacilities,thereshallbeaprotectiveenclosureincludingaperipheralfence,buildingwall,ornaturalbarrierenclosingmajorfacilitycomponents,suchasthefollowing:(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)

LNGstoragecontainers

FlammablerefrigerantstoragetanksFlammableliquidstoragetanks

OtherhazardousmaterialsstorageareasOutdoorprocessequipmentareas

BuildingshousingprocessorcontrolequipmentOnshoreloadingandunloadingfacilities

12.9.3.1TheLNGfacilityshallbeenclosedeitherbyasinglecontinuousenclosureorbymultipleindependentenclosures.12.9.3.2Wheretheenclosedareaexceeds1250ft2(116m2),atleasttwoexitgatesordoorsshallbeprovided.

12.9.4LNGfacilitiesshallbeilluminatedinthevicinityofprotectiveenclosuresandinotherareasasnecessarytopro-motesecurityofthefacility.

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59A–34PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

Chapter13RequirementsforStationaryApplications

UsingASMEContainers

13.1Scope.

13.1.1tion,ingcontainersdesign,Thischapterfabrication,providesof100,000andU.S.sitingrequirementsfortheinstalla-galof(379LNGm3installationsus-lessPressureconstructedinaccordancewiththeASME)capacityBoilerandandindustrialVesselapplications.

Codeforvehiclefuelingandcommercialand13.1.2280,000TheU.S.galmaximum(1060maggregate3).storagecapacityshallbe13.2GeneralRequirements.

13.2.1ofSitepreparationshallincludeprovisionsforretentionface--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---spilledwaterLNGdrainage.

withinthelimitsofplantpropertyandforsur-13.2.2vicesequipmentAll-weathershallaccessibilitybeprovided.

tothesiteforemergencyser-13.2.3tiesshallStoragebesecuredandtotransferpreventequipmenttampering.

atunattendedfacili-13.2.4erationOperatinginstructionsidentifyingthethefacilityofemergencyarea.

controlsshallbepostedlocationconspicuouslyandop-in13.2.5ityandequipmentDesigners,fabricators,andconstructorsofLNGfacil-pipingconstructionshallofbeLNGcompetentcontainers,inthecryogenicdesign,fabrication,nentsofsystems,thefacility.

fireprotectionequipment,andotherequipment,compo-13.2.6struction,Supervisiontoensurethatandfacilitiesacceptanceshallbeprovidedforthefabrication,con-aretestsincomplianceoffacilitycomponentswiththisstandard.necessary13.2.7lightingFacilitiesatthetransfertransferringarea.

LNGduringthenightshallhave13.2.8specifiedTheforallmaximumpressure-containingallowableworkingcomponents.

pressureshallbe13.2.9280,000Thegal(1060maximumm3).aggregatestoragecapacityshallbe13.3Containers.

13.3.1pipingaccordancebetweenAllpipingthethatinnerisapartofanLNGcontainer,includingPressureVesselwithCodeeither,orASMESectionandouterB31.3,VIIIProcessofcontainers,thePiping.

ASMEshallBoilerbeandin13.3.2pendedCompliancewith13.3.1shallbestatedonorap-FormU-1,tothe“Manufacturer’sASMEBoilerandDataPressureReportVesselforCodePressure,AppendixVessels.”W,13.3.3tankmaximumandInternalwithinthepipinginsulationbetweenspacetheinnershallbetankdesignedandtheouterallowanceforallowablethermalworkingstresses.

pressureoftheinnertank,forwiththe13.3.4space.

Bellowsshallnotbepermittedwithintheinsulation13.3.5holdingContainersoutertank.

LNGsurroundedshallbebydouble-walled,insulationcontainedwiththeinnerwithintankthe2006Edition

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13.3.6TheinnertankshallbeofweldedconstructionandinaccordancewiththeASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,Sec-tionVIIIandshallbeASME-stampedandregisteredwiththeNationalBoardofBoilerandPressureVesselInspectorsorotheragencythatregisterspressurevessels.

13.3.7Theinnertanksupportsshallbedesignedforship-ping,seismic,andoperatingloads.

13.3.8Thesupportsystemtoaccommodatetheexpansionandcontractionoftheinnertankshallbedesignedsothattheresultingstressesimpartedtotheinnerandoutertanksarewithinallowablelimits.

13.3.9Theoutertankshallbeofweldedconstructionusinganyofthefollowingmaterials:

(1)AnyofthecarbonsteelsinSectionVIII,PartUCSofthe

ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeattemperaturesatorabovetheminimumallowableusetemperatureinTable1AoftheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionII,PartD(2)Materialswithameltingpointbelow2000°F(1093°C)

wherethecontainerisburiedormounded13.3.10Wherevacuuminsulationisused,theoutertankshallbedesignedbyeitherofthefollowing:

(1)TheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionVIII,

PartsUG-28,UG-29,UG-30,andUG-33,usinganexter-nalpressureofnotlessthan15psi(100kPa)

(2)Paragraph3.6.2ofCGA341,StandardforInsulatedCargo

TankSpecificationforCryogenicLiquids13.3.11HeadsandsphericaloutertanksthatareformedinsegmentsandassembledbyweldingshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththeASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionVIII,PartsUG-28,UG-29,UG-30,andUG-33,usinganexternalpressureof15psi(100kPa).

13.3.12Theoutertankshallbeequippedwithareliefdeviceorotherdevicetoreleaseinternalpressure.

13.3.12.1Thedischargeareashallbeatleast0.00024in.2/lb(0.0034cm2/kg)ofthewatercapacityoftheinnertank,buttheareashallnotexceed300in.2(2000cm2).

13.3.12.2Thereliefdeviceshallfunctionatapressurenotexceedingtheinternaldesignpressureoftheoutertank,theexternaldesignpressureoftheinnertank,or25psi(172kPa),whicheverisleast.

13.3.13Thermalbarriersshallbeprovidedtopreventtheoutertankfromfallingbelowitsdesigntemperature.13.3.14SeismicDesign.

13.3.14.1Shop-builtcontainersdesignedandconstructedinaccordancewiththeASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeandtheirsupportsystemsshallbedesignedforthedynamicforcesassociatedwithhorizontalandverticalaccelerationsasfollows:Forhorizontalforce:

V=Zc×W

Forverticalforce:

P=23Zc×W

Not for Resale

REQUIREMENTSFORSTATIONARYAPPLICATIONSUSINGASMECONTAINERS59A–35

where:

Zc=seismiccoefficientequalto0.60SDSwhereSDSis

themaximumdesignspectralacceleration

determinedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofASCE7,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures,usinganimportancefactor,I,of1.0forthesiteclassmostrepresentativeofthesubsurfaceconditionswheretheLNGfacilityislocated

W=totalweightofthecontaineranditscontents13.3.14.2Usage.

(A)Themethodofdesigndescribedin13.3.14.1shallbeusedonlywherethenaturalperiod,T,oftheshop-builtcon-taineranditssupportingsystemislessthan0.06second.(B)IfthenaturalperiodTis0.6orgreater,7.2.2.1and7.2.2.2shallapply.

13.3.14.3Thecontaineranditssupportsshallbedesignedfortheresultantseismicforcesincombinationwiththeoper-atingloads,usingtheallowablestressesincreaseshowninthecodeorstandardusedtodesignthecontaineroritssupports.13.3.14.4TherequirementsofSection13.3shallapplytoASMEcontainersbuiltpriortoJuly1,1996,whenreinstalled.13.3.15Eachcontainershallbeidentifiedbytheattachmentofanameplate(s)inanaccessiblelocationmarkedwiththeinformationrequiredbytheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeandthefollowing:(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)

Builder’snameanddatecontainerwasbuiltNominalliquidcapacity

DesignpressureatthetopofthecontainerMaximumpermittedliquiddensityMaximumfillinglevel

Minimumdesigntemperature

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---(1)125gal(0.47m3)orless,0ft(0m)frompropertylines

thatcanbebuiltupon

(2)Largerthan125gal(0.47m3)to1000gal(3.8m3)10ft

(3.0m)frompropertylinesthatcanbebuiltupon13.6.2MinimumDistance.

13.6.2.1Theminimumdistancefromtheedgeofanimpound-mentorcontainerdrainagesystemservingabovegroundandmoundedcontainerslargerthan1000gal(3.8m3)toapropertylinethatcanbebuiltuponandbetweencontainersshallbeinaccordancewithTable13.6.2.1.

13.6.2.2Thedistancefromtheedgeofanimpoundmentorcontainerdrainagesystemtobuildingsorwallsofcon-creteormasonryconstructionshallbereducedfromthedistanceinTable13.6.2.1withtheapprovaloftheauthorityhavingjurisdictionwithaminimumof10ft(3m).13.6.3UndergroundLNGtanksshallbeinstalledinaccor-dancewithTable13.6.3.

13.6.4Buriedandundergroundcontainersshallbeprovidedwithmeanstopreventthe32°F(0°C)isothermfrompenetrat-ingthesoil.

13.6.5Whereheatingsystemsareused,theyshallbeinstalledsuchthatanyheatingelementortemperaturesensorusedforcontrolcanbereplaced.

13.6.6*Allburiedormoundedcomponentsincontactwiththesoilshallbeconstructedfrommaterialresistanttosoilcorrosionorprotectedtominimizecorrosion.

13.6.7Aclearspaceofatleast3ft(0.9m)shallbeprovidedforaccesstoallisolationvalvesservingmultiplecontainers.13.6.8LNGcontainersofgreaterthan125gal(0.5m3)ca-pacityshallnotbelocatedinbuildings.

13.6.9Pointsoftransfershallbelocatednotlessthan25ft(7.6m)fromthefollowing:

(1)Thenearestimportantbuildingnotassociatedwiththe

LNGfacility

(2)Thelineofadjoiningpropertythatcanbebuiltupon13.6.10LNGtanksandtheirassociatedequipmentshallnotbelocatedwhereexposedtofailureofoverheadelectricpowerlinesoperatingatover600volts.13.7AutomaticProductRetentionValves.

13.7.1Allliquidandvaporconnections,exceptreliefvalveandinstrumentconnections,shallbeequippedwithautomaticfail-safeproductretentionvalves.

13.7.2Automaticvalvesshallbedesignedtocloseontheoc-currenceofanyofthefollowingconditions:

(1)Firedetectionorexposure

(2)UncontrolledflowofLNGfromthecontainer

(3)Manualoperationfromalocalandremotelocation13.7.3Connectionsusedonlyforflowintothecontainershallbeequippedwitheithertwobackflowvalves,inseries,oraproductretentionvalve.

13.7.4Appurtenancesshallbeinstalledasclosetothecon-taineraspracticalsothatabreakresultingfromexternalstrainshalloccuronthepipingsideoftheappurtenancewhilemaintainingintactthevalveandpipingonthecontainersideoftheappurtenance.

13.3.16Allpenetrationsofstoragecontainersshallbeidentified.

13.4ContainerFilling.Containersdesignedtooperateatapressureinexcessof15psi(100kPa)shallbeequippedwithadevice(s)thatpreventsthecontainerfrombecomingliquidfullortheinletofthereliefdevice(s)frombecomingcoveredwithliquidwhenthepressureinthecontainerreachesthesetpressureoftherelievingdevice(s)underallconditions.13.5ContainerFoundationsandSupports.

13.5.1LNGcontainerfoundationsshallbedesignedandconstructedinaccordancewithNFPA5000,BuildingConstruc-tionandSafetyCode.

13.5.2Thedesignofsaddlesandlegsshallincludeshippingloads,erectionloads,windloads,andthermalloads.13.5.3Foundationsandsupportsshallhaveafireresistanceratingofnotlessthan2hoursandshallberesistanttodislodg-mentbyhosestreams.

13.5.4LNGstoragecontainersinstalledinanareasubjecttofloodingshallbesecuredtopreventthereleaseofLNGorflotationofthecontainerintheeventofaflood.13.6ContainerInstallation.

13.6.1LNGcontainersof1000gal(3.8m3)andsmallershallbelocatedasfollows:

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59A–36PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

Table13.6.2.1DistancesfromContainersandExposures

EdgeMinimumofImpoundmentDistancefromSystemContainerDrainageorMinimumBetweenDistanceContainerWaterCapacityThatCantoPropertyBeBuiltUpon

LinesContainersStoragegalm3ftmft

15518,001–30,0002001–18,0001000–2000254.651.530,001–70,000

≥≥3.8–7.67.6–56.8≥56.8–114114–265

507.675

1523

51.51.51the⁄4ofdiametersthesumof>70,000>265

(1.5containersadjacentof

m)minimum]

[5ftdiameter0.7timesminimum]

[100thecontainerft(30m)

Table13.6.3DistancesfromUndergroundContainersandExposures

MinimumContainerWaterCapacityAdjoiningBuildingsDistancefrom

ThatCanBePropertyandtheBuiltUpon

LineDistanceContainersBetweengalm3ftmftm18,000–30,000<18,00015.8–114<15.815254.61530,001–100,000

>114

12.2

7.6154.615

4..6

13.8LNGSpillContainment.

13.8.4.113.8.1theyWhereautomaticallycontrolledsumpdirectventsshalltheirbeoperationequippedwhenwithexposedanautomatictoLNGcutoffpumpstemperatures.devicearethatused,pre-fromLNGImpoundmentspillstoa(dikes),safetopography,orothermethodstochannelenteringlocationandtopreventLNGspillsshallbewaterused.

drains,sewers,waterways,oranyclosed-top13.8.4.2liquid13.8.2towithstandtoescapePiping,valves,andfittingswhosefailurecouldallowcontinuousfromtheexposureimpoundingtotheareatemperatureshallbedesignedofLNG.withinanFlammableLNGcontainerliquidimpoundmentstoragetanksarea.

shallnotbelocated13.8.4.313.8.3moval,LNGtheescapetheWheregravitygravityofLNGdrainingdrainagebywayofsystemthedrainageshallisemployedbedesignedforwaterre-system.topreventpacity,containersImpoundingshallareashaveservingaminimumabovegroundvolumetricandholdingmoundedca-and13.9Inspection.

lation,withincludingallowanceanymadeusefulforholdingthecapacityofthedrainageareafollowing:

othercontainers,andequipment,displacementinaccordanceofsnowaccumu-withthe13.9.1to(1)Wherecontainersrial,ensurePriorfabrication,compliancetoinitialoperation,assembly,withandthetestengineeringcontainersshallprovisionsdesignbeofthisandinspectedchapter.mate-tecteddike,topreventfailureinthedikefromareaspilledareLNGconstructedandorpro-13.9.2codeInspectorsshallbequalifiedin(2)umeWhereoftheminimumholdingofthedikeshallbefiretheinvol-theinthisorstandard.

standardapplicabletothecontaineraccordanceandasspecifiedwiththeprotectedcontainersthelargestincontainerthedikeinareathenotdike.

areconstructedthe13.10ShopTestingofLNGContainers.volumedike,ofthetopreventtheminimumfailurelargestcontainerholdingfrominofspilledLNGandfireor

inthethedike.dikeshallbethe13.10.1Theoutertankshallbeleaktested.

13.8.4clearrainImpoundingorotherwater.

areasshallbedesignedorequippedto13.10.2ASMEB31.3,ContainerProcesspipingPiping.

shallbetestedinaccordancewith2006Edition

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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--REQUIREMENTSFORSTATIONARYAPPLICATIONSUSINGASMECONTAINERS59A–37

13.11shippedShipmentofLNGContainers.(1)Containersinertgas.

underaminimuminternalpressureContainersof10psishall(69kPa)be(2)twoContainersindependentof1000smallerliquidgal(3.8m3)shallbeequippedwith

than1000levelgaldevices.

(3.8m3)shallbeequipped

13.12FieldTestingofLNGContainers.

(3)withContainerseithera13.12.1devicepriortofillingContainerswithLNG.

andassociatedpipingshallbeleaktestedfromthatprovidesoffixed1000lengthgaldiptubeorotherleveldevices.a(3.8m3)shallhaveoneliquidlevel

13.12.2withoutfulltakingtoemptytheandcontinuouscontainerthatismaintainablelevelindicationoutofservice.orreplaceablerangingnofieldweldingAfteracceptanceontheLNGtestscontainers.arecompleted,thereshallbe13.15.3PressureGaugingandControl.

13.13WeldingonContainers.

13.15.3.1gaugeEachcontainer13.13.1liquidconnectedtothecontainershallbeataequippedpointwithapressurebracketsprovidedFieldweldingfortheshallpurpose.

bedoneonlyonsaddleplatesorallowablelevelworkingthathaspressureapermanent(MAWP)markofindicatingabovethethecontainer.

themaximummaximum13.13.213.15.3.2ingwithunderarewhichrequired,Whererepairsthecontainertheyshallormodificationswascomplyfabricated.

withtheincorporatingcodeorstandardweld-theannularinstrumentsVacuum-jacketedspace.

orconnectionsequipmentforcheckingshallthebepressureequippedin13.13.313.15.3.3modificationRetestingbyamethodappropriateresultingSafetyreliefvalvesshallbetionshallberequiredonlywheretherepairtotheorrepairmodifica-orvaporizationfromresultingoperationalfromupset,pumpvaporsizedrecirculationdisplacement,toincludeconditionsandfire.andflashaffectedisofpairormodification.andsuchisnecessaryanaturethattodemonstratearetestactuallytheadequacyteststheofelementthere-13.15.4theatmosphere.

Pressurereliefvalvesshallcommunicatedirectlywith13.14Piping.

13.15.513.14.1withfacilityPart37.8.5Pressure—CompressedorwithCGAreliefvalvesshallbesizedinaccordanceGasS-1.3,StoragePressureContainers.

ReliefDeviceStandards—uidassociatedAllpipingwiththatispartofanLNGcontainerandthe13.15.6ProcessorflammablePiping,andfluidthethefollowing:

shallcontainerbeinaccordanceforhandlingwithcryogenicASMEB31.3,liq-manualfull-openingInnercontainerstopvalvepressuretoisolatereliefitfromvalvestheshallcontainer.havea(1)TypeFpiping,spiral13.15.6.1fullyopenposition.

Thestopvalveshallbelockableorsealableinthe(2)weldedAllsteelproductsweldedshallnotpiping,bepermitted.

andfurnacebutt-qualifiedweldingtoorthebrazingrequirementsshallbeperformedoftheASMEbypersonnel

13.15.6.2low(3)PressuremaintenanceeachreliefTheinstallationofpressurereliefvalvesshallal-(4)Oxygen–fuelVesselCodeBrazingfillergasmetalwelding,SectionBoilerandshallhaveshallIX.

anotmeltingbepermitted.

pointterminedin7.8.5.

whilevalvemaintainingtobeisolatedtheindividuallyfullreliefcapacitiesfortestingde-or13.15.6.3(5)1000°FAll(538°C).

exceeding

eitherWhereonlyonepressurereliefvalveisrequired,sure(6)forpipingAllallservicesandbelowtubing−shallbeausteniticstainlesssteel

neathreliefafull-porteachvalvepressureandopeningitsreliefrequiredthree-wayvalveusedunderthepres-valveshallsparebeorinstalled.

individualvalvesbe-andpiping20°F(−29°C).

packing,andshallpipinghavecomponents,aminimumexceptmeltinggaskets,pointseals,

of13.15.7(7)1500°FAluminum(816°C).

shallbeusedbeclosedlockedStopexceptorsealedvalvesbyanwhenunderauthorizedopenedindividualperson.

andsafetyshallnotreliefbevalvesopenedshallor(8)retentionCompression-typevalveinvaporizeronlydownstreamofaproduct

13.15.8jectedtotemperaturescouplingsservice.

belowused−20°Fwhere(−29°C)theyshallcanbesub-signedsnow,andSafetyinstalledrelieftovalvepreventdischargeanaccumulationstacksorventsshallbede-rectlyintoorothertheatmosphere,foreignmattershalland,dischargeifarrangedverticallytoofdischargewater,ice,upward.di-(10)(9)requirementsStab-inExtendedbranchofASMEB31.3,ProcessPiping,Sectionmeet315.theliquidbonnetconnectionsvalvesshallshallbenotusedbeforpermitted.

all13.16nettionsFireProtectionandSafety.Therequirementsuprightisatservice,andtheyshallbeinstalledsothatcryogenic

thebon-verticalananglepositionofnotmorethan45degreesfromthe12.7;12.8.2;12.1andand12.2;12.8.312.3.1;shallapply.

12.4.1;Sections12.5,12.6,ofSec-and13.14.2Thelevelofinspectionofpipingshallbespecified.13.17indicatorGasshallDetectors.bereadilyAnavailable.

operatingportableflammablegas13.15ContainerInstrumentation.

13.1813.15.1writtenOperationsdesignedGeneral.Instrumentationbasedoperating,andmaintenance,Maintenance.andEachfacilityshallhaveure,ditionsonunderexperience,whichtheknowledgefacilitywillofbesimilartrainingoperated.

facilities,proceduresandcon-maintainedthesystemsothat,willinthegoeventintoaoffailsafepowerforLNGconditionorinstrumentfacilitiesshallbethataircanfail-besecurethesystem.

untiltheoperatorscantakeactiontoreactivateor13.18.1meettheBasicfollowingOperationsrequirements:

Requirements.Eachfacilityshall13.15.2withliquidLevellevelGauging.devicesasLNGfollows:

containersshallbeequipped(1)Haveandtraining

writtenprocedurescoveringoperation,maintenance,

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(2)Keepup-to-datedrawingsofplantequipment,showingall

(3)revisionsRevisethemadeafterinstallation

(4)orplansandproceduresasoperatingconditions

Establishfacilityaequipmentwrittenemergencyrequire

(5)tionsplanaspartoftheopera-Establishmanual

police,liaisonwithappropriatelocalthemoffirethedepartment,emergencyormunicipalauthoritiesworksandsuchinformas

(6)situations

plansandtheirroleinemergencyAnalyzeincidentsanddocumentallsafety-relatedmalfunctionspreventingforthethepossibilitypurposeofofdeterminingand

recurrence

theircausesand13.18.2OperatingProceduresManual.

13.18.2.1ingprocedures,Eachfacilityincludingshallthehavefollowing:

awrittenmanualofoperat-(1)ConductingnentsaproperstartupandshutdownofalltheLNGofthefacilityfacility,thatincludingwillensurethosethatforallancomponentsinitialstartupcompo-of(2)operate(3)Purgingsatisfactorily

willandinertingcomponents(4)CoolingEnsuringdownthateachcomponents

controlsystemisproperlyadjustedto

(5)operateMaintainingwithinitsdesignlimits

surethevaporizationrate,temperature,andpres-(6)ofDeterminingthesovaporizerthattheresultantandgasiswithinthedesigntolerance(7)andEnsuringindicatingthetheexistencethedownstreampiping

responseofanyabnormalconditions

repairsarethecarriedsafetyout,ofwhetherpersonneltothoseorandconditions

notequipmentpropertywhile

isin(8)operation

Ensuringthesafetransfer(10)(9)EnsuringMonitoringsecurityingalarmsfromoperationattheofhazardousfluidsanattendedbyLNGwatchingplant

controlorcenterlisteningandforbywarn-con-(11)ductingMonitoringinspectionsthefoundationonaplanned,heatingperiodicsystemweeklybasis13.18.2.2maintenanceThepersonnel.

manualshallbeaccessibletooperatingand13.18.2.3mentorproceduresThemanualareshallmade.

beupdatedwhenchangesinequip-13.18.2.4ensuretheThefollowing:

operationsmanualshallcontainproceduresto(1)Thatitsthecooldownofeachsystemitedcontrolthermaltoaandsubjectedtocryogenicoftemperaturescomponentsunder

islim-ingthestressesrateandcooldownwithinadistributionperiod,thedesignpatternthatmaintainthehavinglimitsregardoftheforsystemtheperfor-dur-(2)manceThatpipingeachofexpansionfacilityhasandprocedurescontractiontocheckdevices

eachstabilizationsystemandsealsforunderleaksitsinareascontrolwhereduringthereandareaftercryogenic

flanges,cooldownvalves,13.18.2.5duresEachoperationsmanualshallincludebustiblethatbeingplacedmixturewhenimplementedminimizethepresencepurgingofaproce-com-intoinorplanttakenpipingoutoforoperation.

equipmentwhenasystemis13.18.2.6forincludingloadingThetheorunloadingoperationsfollowing:

operationsmanualshallapplicablecontaintoallprocedurestransfers,2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

(1)Writtenproceduresshallcoveralltransferoperations

andshallcoveremergencyaswellasnormaloperatingprocedures.

(2)Writtenproceduresshallbekeptup-to-dateandavailable

toallpersonnelengagedintransferoperations.

(3)Priortotransfer,gaugereadingsshallbeobtainedorin-ventoryestablishedtoensurethatthereceivingvesselcan-notbeoverfilled.

(4)Levelsofthereceivingvesselshallbecheckedduringtrans-feroperations.

(5)Thetransfersystemshallbecheckedpriortousetoen-surethatvalvesareinthecorrectposition.

(6)Pressureandtemperatureconditionsshallbeobserved

duringthetransferoperation.

13.18.2.7EachoperationsmanualforafacilitythattransfersLNGfromortoacargotankvehicleoratankcarshallcontainproceduresforloadingorunloadingtankcarsortankvehicles,includingthefollowing:

(1)Whiletankcarortankvehicleloadingorunloading

operationsareinprogress,railandvehicletrafficshallbeprohibitedwithin25ft(7.6m)ofLNGfacilitiesorwithin50ft(15m)ofrefrigerantswhosevaporsareheavierthanair.

(2)Priortoconnectingatankcar,thecarshallbechecked

andthebrakesset,thederailerorswitchproperlyposi-tioned,andwarningsignsorlightsplacedasrequired.(3)Thewarningsignsorlightsshallnotberemovedorreset

untilthetransferiscompletedandthecardisconnected.(4)Unlessrequiredfortransferoperations,truckvehicleen-ginesshallbeshutoff.

(5)Brakesshallbesetandwheelscheckedpriortoconnect-ingforunloadingorloading.

(6)Theengineshallnotbestarteduntilthetruckvehiclehas

beendisconnectedandanyreleasedvaporshavedissipated.(7)PriortoloadingLNGintoatankcarortankvehiclethatis

notinexclusiveLNGservice,atestshallbemadetodeter-minetheoxygencontentinthecontainer.

(8)IfatankcarortankvehicleinexclusiveLNGservicedoes

notcontainapositivepressure,itshallbetestedforoxy-gencontent.

(9)Iftheoxygencontentineithercaseexceeds2percentby

volume,thecontainershallnotbeloadeduntilithasbeenpurgedtobelow2percentoxygenbyvolume.13.18.3EmergencyProcedures.

13.18.3.1Eachfacilityshallhaveawrittenmanualofemer-gencyproceduresincludedintheoperationsmanualthatshallincludethetypesofemergenciesthatareanticipatedfromanoperatingmalfunction,structuralcollapseofpartofthefacility,personnelerror,forcesofnature,andactivitiescarriedonadjacenttothefacility,includingthefollowing:(1)Proceduresforrespondingtocontrollableemergencies,

includingnotificationofpersonnelandtheuseofequip-mentthatisappropriateforhandlingoftheemergencyandtheshutdownorisolationofvariousportionsoftheequipmentandotherapplicablestepstoensurethattheescapeofgasorliquidispromptlycutofforreducedasmuchaspossible

(2)Proceduresforrecognizinganuncontrollableemergency

andfortakingactiontoensurethatharmtotheperson-nelatthefacilityandtothepublicisminimized

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(3)Proceduresforthepromptnotificationoftheemergency

totheappropriatelocalofficials,includingthepossibleneedtoevacuatepersonsfromthevicinityofthefacility(4)Proceduresforcoordinatingwithlocalofficialsintheprepa-rationofanemergencyevacuationplanthatsetsforththestepsnecessarytoprotectthepublicintheeventofanemergency13.18.3.2*Whenlocalofficialsarecontactedinanemergency,proceduresshallincludethemethodofnotificationofthefollowing:

(1)Thequantityandlocationoffireequipmentthroughout

thefacility

(2)Potentialhazardsatthefacility

(3)Communicationandemergencycontrolcapabilitiesof

thefacility

(4)Thestatusofeachemergency

13.18.4Maintenance.Eachfacilityshallhavewrittenmainte-nanceproceduresbasedonexperience,knowledgeofsimilarfa-cilities,andconditionsunderwhichthefacilitieswillbemain-tained.

13.18.4.1Eachfacilityoperatorshallcarryoutperiodicin-spection,tests,orbothasrequiredoneverycomponentanditssupportsysteminserviceinthefacility,toverifythatthecomponentismaintainedinaccordancewiththeequipmentmanufacturer’srecommendationsandthefollowing:(1)Thesupportsystemorfoundationofeachcomponent

shallbeinspectedatleastannuallytoensurethatthesup-portsystemorfoundationissound.

(2)Eachemergencypowersourceatthefacilityshallbe

testedmonthlytoensurethatitisoperationalandtestedannuallytoensurethatitiscapableofperformingatitsintendedoperatingcapacity.

(3)Whenasafetydeviceservingasinglecomponentistaken

outofserviceformaintenanceorrepair,thecomponentshallalsobetakenoutofservice,exceptwherethesafetyfunctionisprovidedbyanalternativemeans.

(4)Wheretheoperationofacomponentthatistakenoutof

servicecouldcauseahazardouscondition,atagbearingthewords“DoNotOperate,”ortheequivalentthereto,shallbeattachedtothecontrolsofthecomponent,orthecomponentshallbelockedout.

(5)Stopvalvesforisolatingpressureorvacuum-reliefvalves

shallbelockedorsealedopenandshallbeoperatedonlybyanauthorizedperson.

(6)Nomorethanonepressureorvacuumreliefvalvestop

valveshallbeclosedatonetimeonanLNGcontainer.13.18.4.2MaintenanceManual.

(A)Eachfacilityoperatorshallprepareawrittenmanualthatsetsoutaninspectionandmaintenanceprogramforeachcomponentthatisusedinthefacility.

(B)Themaintenancemanualforfacilitycomponentsshallincludethefollowing:

(1)Themannerofcarryingoutandthefrequencyofthein-spectionsandtestsreferredtoin13.18.4.1.

(2)Adescriptionofanyotheractioninadditiontothosere-ferredtoin13.18.4.2(B)(1)thatisnecessarytomaintainthefacilityinaccordancewiththisstandard.

(3)Allprocedurestobefollowedduringrepairsonacompo-nentthatisoperatingwhileitisbeingrepaired,toensurethesafetyofpersonsandpropertyatthefacility

(C)Eachfacilityoperatorshallconductthefacility’smainte-nanceprograminaccordancewiththewrittenmanualforfacilitycomponents.

13.18.4.3FacilityMaintenance.

(A)Eachfacilityoperatorshallkeepthegroundsofthefacil-ityfreefromrubbish,debris,andothermaterialsthatcouldpresentafirehazard.

(B)Eachfacilityoperatorshallensurethatthecomponentsofthefacilityarekeptfreefromiceandotherforeignmateri-alsthatcouldimpedetheirperformance.

(C)Eachfacilityoperatorshallmaintainthegrassedareaofitsfacilitysothatitdoesnotcreateafirehazard.

(D)Allfire-controlaccessrouteswithinanLNGfacilityshallbemaintainedandkeptunobstructedinallweatherconditions.13.18.4.4Repairsthatarecarriedoutoncomponentsofafacil-ityshallbecarriedoutinamannerthatensuresthefollowing:(1)Thattheintegrityofthecomponentsismaintainedin

accordancewiththisstandard

(2)Thatthecomponentswilloperateinasafemanner

(3)Thatthesafetyofpersonnelandpropertyduringarepair

activityismaintained13.18.4.5Eachfacilityoperatorshallensurethatacontrolsys-temthatisoutofservicefor30daysormoreistestedpriortoitsreturntoservice,toensurethatitisinproperworkingorder.(A)Eachfacilityoperatorshallensurethattheinspectionsandtestsinthissectionarecarriedoutattheintervalsspecified.(B)Controlsystemsthatareusedseasonallyshallbein-spectedandtestedbeforeuseeachseason.

(C)Controlsystemsthatareusedaspartofthefireprotec-tionsystematthefacilityshallbeinspectedandtestedinac-cordancewiththeapplicablefirecodesandstandardsandconformtothefollowingcriteria:

(1)Monitoringequipmentshallbemaintainedinaccordance

withNFPA72,NationalFireAlarmCode,andNFPA1221,Stan-dardfortheInstallation,Maintenance,andUseofEmergencySer-vicesCommunicationsSystems.

(2)Fireprotectionwatersystems,ifrequired,shallbemain-tainedinaccordancewithNFPA13,StandardfortheInstal-lationofSprinklerSystems;NFPA14,StandardfortheInstalla-tionofStandpipeandHoseSystems;NFPA15,StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtection;NFPA20,Stan-dardfortheInstallationofStationaryPumpsforFireProtection;NFPA22,StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection;andNFPA24,StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireSer-viceMainsandTheirAppurtenances.

(3)Portableorwheeledfireextinguisherssuitableforgas

fires,preferablyofthedry-chemicaltype,shallbeavail-ableatstrategiclocations,asdeterminedinaccordancewithChapter12,withinanLNGfacilityandontankve-hiclesandshallbemaintainedinaccordancewithNFPA10,StandardforPortableFireExtinguishers.

(4)Fixedfireextinguishersandotherfire-controlsystems

thatareinstalledshallbemaintainedinaccordancewithNFPA11,StandardforLow-,Medium-,andHigh-ExpansionFoam;NFPA12,StandardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems;NFPA12A,StandardonHalon1301FireExtinguish-ingSystems;NFPA16,StandardfortheInstallationofFoam-WaterSprinklerandFoam-WaterSpraySystems;andNFPA17,StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems.

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59A–40PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

(D)Reliefvalvesshallbeinspectedandset-pointtestedatleastonceevery2calendaryears,withintervalsnotexceeding30months,toensurethateachvalverelievesatthepropersetting.

(E)TheexternalsurfacesofLNGstoragetanksshallbein-spectedandtestedassetoutinthemaintenancemanualforthefollowing:

(1)Innertankleakage

(2)Soundnessofinsulation

(3)Tankfoundationheatingtoensurethatthestructuralin-tegrityorsafetyofthetanksisnotaffected(F)LNGstorageplantsand,inparticular,thestoragecon-taineranditsfoundationshallbeexternallyinspectedaftereachmajormeteorologicaldisturbancetoensurethatthestructuralintegrityoftheplantisintact.

13.18.4.6Eachfacilityoperatorshallensurethattherequire-mentsofSection14.11aremet,ifapplicable.13.18.4.7MaintenanceRecords.

(A)Eachfacilityoperatorshallmaintainarecordofthedateandthetypeofeachmaintenanceactivityperformed.(B)Maintenancerecordsshallberetainedforaslongasthefacilityisinservice.13.18.5Training.

13.18.5.1Everyfacilityoperatorshalldevelop,implement,andmaintainawrittentrainingplantoinstructappropriatefacilitypersonnelwithrespecttothefollowing:

(1)Carryingouttheemergencyproceduresthatrelateto

theirdutiesatthefacilityassetoutintheproceduremanualreferredtoin13.18.3andprovidingfirstaid

(2)Forpermanentmaintenance,operating,andsupervisory

personnelthefollowing:

(a)Thebasicoperationscarriedoutatthefacility

(b)ThecharacteristicsandpotentialhazardsofLNGand

otherhazardousfluidsinvolvedinoperatingandmaintainingthefacility,includingtheseriousdangerfromfrostbitethatcanresultfromcontactwithLNGorcoldrefrigerants

(c)Themethodsofcarryingouttheirdutiesofmaintain-ingandoperatingthefacilityassetoutinthemanualofoperatingandmaintenanceproceduresreferredtoin13.18.4

(d)TheLNGtransferproceduresrequiredin13.18.4(e)Fireprevention,includingfamiliarizationwiththe

firecontrolplanofthefacility,firefighting,thepo-tentialcausesoffireinafacility,andthetypes,sizes,andlikelyconsequencesofafireatafacility

(f)Recognizingsituationsinwhichitisnecessarytoob-tainassistanceinordertomaintainthesecurityofthefacility13.18.5.2Eachfacilityoperatorshalldevelop,implement,andmaintainawrittenplantokeepthepersonnelatthefacil-ityuptodateonthefunctionofthesystems,fireprevention,andsecurityatthefacility.

13.18.5.3Theplansrequiredin13.18.5.2shallprovidefortrainingsessionstoupdatepersonnelatintervalsthatdonotexceedtwoyears.

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13.18.5.4EmployeeRecords.

(A)applicableEverygiventotheemployeefacilityoperatoremployeeofundertheshallfacilitymaintainSectionthat13.18.

setsaoutrecordthefortrainingeach(B)2ployedyearsTheatafteremployeethethefacility.

daterecordsthattheshallemployeebemaintainedceasesfortoatbeleastem-13.18.5.5Eachfacilityoperatorshallensurethefollowing:(1)Thatfacilitypersonnelreceiveapplicabletraining(2)toThatin13.18.5

referred

assignedfacilitydutiespersonnelhaveexperiencerelatedtotheir

13.18.5.6whoAnypersonwhohasnotcompletedthetrainingunderdoesthenotcontrolhaveofthetrainedexperiencepersonnel.

setoutin13.18.5shallbeorChapter14

Operating,Maintenance,andPersonnelTraining

14.1*minimumScope.ThischaptercontainsbasicrequirementsandmaintenancestandardsofLNGforplants.thesafetyaspectsoftheoperationand14.2GeneralRequirements.

14.2.1manualEachLNGplantshallhaveadocumentedcedures,thatexperiencecooldown,includespurging,operations,andmaintenance,trainingoperatingpro-erated,andandadocumentedconditionsmaintenanceunderwhichrecordthekeeping,manual.LNGplantbasedisop-on14.2.2Theoperatingmanualshallincludethefollowing:(1)Documented(2)andprocedurescoveringoperation,maintenance,

(3)Up-to-datetraining

Plansdrawings,charts,andrecordsofplantequipment(4)conditionsandproceduresorplantequipmentthatarearerevisedwhenoperating

(5)ALiaisondocumentedment,orwithmunicipallocalemergencyauthoritiesplan

revisedworkstosuchinformaspolice,themoffiredepart-(6)*Analysisgencyplanstionsandandtheirroleinemergencysituations

theemer-ventingforthethepossibilitypurposedocumentationofofdeterminingofallsafety-relatedrecurrencetheircausesandcondi-pre-14.3ManualofOperatingProcedures.

14.3.1dancewithAllLNGtheoperatingplantcomponentsproceduresshallmanual.

beoperatedinaccor-14.3.2toTheoperatingproceduresmanualshalloperatingallplantcontrolpersonnelcenter.

andshallbekeptreadilyavailablebeaccessibleinthe14.3.3arechangesTheinoperatingequipmentmanualorprocedures.shallbeupdatedwhenthere14.4OperatingManualContents.

14.4.1theplant,properThestartupoperatingandmanualshallincludeproceduresforensureincludingthatallcomponentsthoseforshutdowninitialoperatestartupofallcomponentsofthesatisfactorily.

oftheLNGplant,toNot for Resale

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14.4.2Theoperatingmanualshallincludeproceduresforpurgingcomponents,makingcomponentsinert,andcooldownofcomponents.

14.4.2.1Proceduresshallensurethatthecooldownofeachsystemofcomponentsthatissubjectedtocryogenictempera-turesislimitedtoarateanddistributionpatternthatmain-tainsthethermalstresseswithinthedesignlimitsofthesystemduringthecooldownperiod.

14.4.2.2Eachcryogenicpipingsystemshallbecheckeddur-ingandaftercooldownstabilizationforleaksinflanges,valves,andseals.

14.4.3Theoperatingmanualshallincludeprocedurestoen-surethateachcontrolsystemisadjustedtooperatewithinitsdesignlimits.

14.4.4TheoperatingmanualofLNGplantswithliquefactionfacilitiesshallincludeprocedurestomaintainthetempera-tures,levels,pressures,pressuredifferentials,andflowratesforthefollowing:(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)

Boilers

TurbinesandotherprimemoversPumps,compressors,andexpanders

Purificationandregenerationequipment

Equipmentincoldboxes,withintheirdesignlimits

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---malfunction,structuralcollapseofpartoftheLNGplant,per-sonnelerror,forcesofnature,andactivitiescarriedonadja-centtotheplant.

14.4.8.2Theemergencyproceduresshallincludebutnotbelimitedtoproceduresforrespondingtocontrollableemer-gencies,includingthefollowing:

(1)Notificationofpersonnel

(2)Useofequipmentappropriateforhandlingtheemergency(3)Theshutdownorisolationofvariousportionsofthe

equipment

(4)Otherstepstoensurethattheescapeofgasorliquidis

promptlycutofforreducedasmuchaspossible14.4.8.3Theemergencyproceduresshallincludeproce-duresforrecognizinganuncontrollableemergencyandfortakingactiontoachievethefollowing:

(1)MinimizingharmtothepersonnelattheLNGplantand

tothepublic

(2)Promptnotificationoftheemergencytotheappropriate

localofficials,includingthepossibleneedtoevacuatepersonsfromthevicinityoftheLNGplant14.4.8.4Theemergencyproceduresshallincludeproce-duresforcoordinatingwithlocalofficialsinthepreparationofanemergencyevacuationplanthatsetsforththestepsnec-essarytoprotectthepublicintheeventofanemergency,in-cludingthefollowing:

(1)Quantityandlocationoffireequipmentthroughoutthe

LNGplant

(2)PotentialhazardsattheLNGplant

(3)Communicationandemergencycontrolcapabilitiesat

theLNGplant

(4)Statusofeachemergency

14.4.8.5Normally,gasfires(includingLNG)shouldnotbeextinguisheduntilthefuelsourcehasbeenshutoff,unlessthefirewouldcreatemoreofahazardthanthegasdispersion.14.4.8.6Eachoperatingcompanyshallensurethatcompo-nentsinitsLNGplantthatcouldaccumulatecombustiblemixturesarepurgedafterbeingtakenoutofserviceandbe-forebeingreturnedtoservice.14.5MaintenanceManual.

14.5.1EachLNGfacilityshallhaveawrittenmanualthatsetsoutaninspectionandmaintenanceprogramforeachcompo-nentusedinitsLNGplant.

14.5.2Themaintenancemanualshallincludemaintenanceprocedures,includingproceduresforthesafetyofpersonnelandpropertywhilerepairsarecarriedout,whetherornottheequipmentisinoperation.

14.5.3ThemaintenancemanualshallincludethefollowingforLNGplantcomponents:

(1)Themannerofcarryingoutandthefrequencyofinspec-tionsandtests

(2)Adescriptionofanyotheraction,inadditiontothose

referredtoin14.5.3(1),thatisnecessarytomaintaintheLNGplantinaccordancewiththisstandard

(3)Allprocedurestobefollowedduringrepairsonacompo-nentthatisoperatingwhileitisbeingrepaired,toensurethesafetyofpersonsandpropertyattheLNGplant14.5.4Eachmaintenanceprogramshallbeconductedinac-cordancewithitswrittenmanualforLNGplantcomponents.

14.4.5Theoperatingmanualshallincludeproceduresforthefollowing:

(1)Maintainingthevaporizationrate,temperature,andpres-suresothattheresultantgasiswithinthedesigntoleranceofthevaporizerandthedownstreampiping

(2)Determiningtheexistenceofanyoftheabnormalcondi-tionsin14.4.6andtheresponsetothoseconditionsintheplant

(3)ThesafetransferofLNGandhazardousfluids,including

preventionofoverfillingofcontainers(4)Security

14.4.6Theoperationsmanualshallincludeproceduresformonitoringoperations.

14.4.6.1*OperationsmonitoringshallbecarriedoutbythewatchingorlisteningforwarningalarmsfromanattendedcontrolcenterandbyinspectionsconductedatleastattheintervalssetoutinthewrittenoperatingproceduresreferredtoinSection14.2and,ataminimum,onaweeklybasis.14.4.6.2Wherethebottomoftheoutertankisincontactwiththesoil,theheatingsystemshallbemonitoredatleastonceaweektoensurethatthe32°F(0°C)isothermisnotpenetratingthesoil.

14.4.6.3Anysettlementinexcessofthatanticipatedinthedesignshallbeinvestigatedandcorrectiveactiontakenasrequired.

14.4.7InspectionRecords.

14.4.7.1EachLNGplantshallmaintainarecordofeachinspec-tion,test,andinvestigationrequiredbytheoperationsmanual.14.4.7.2Recordsofinspections,tests,andinvestigationsshallberetainedforatleast5years.

14.4.8Eachoperationsmanualshallcontainemergencyprocedures.

14.4.8.1Theemergencyproceduresshallinclude,atamini-mum,emergenciesthatareanticipatedfromanoperating

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59A–42PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

14.5.5ductedEachmanualonserviceinonaperiodicinspection,tests,orboth,shallbecon-itseveryscheduleLNGcomponentthatisplant.andincludeditssupportinthesystemmaintenancethatisin14.5.6Foundation.

14.5.6.1nentshallThebeinspectedsupportsystematleastorannually.

foundationofeachcompo-14.5.6.2portingtheIfcomponent,thefoundationitshallisfoundberepaired.

tobeincapableofsup-14.5.7beEachemergencypowersourceattheLNGplanttotestedmonthlytoensurethatitisoperationalandannuallyshallincludingensurethatneededinapoweritiscapablepowerneededofperformingatitsdesigncapacity,outage.

tooperateallplantequipment14.5.8andrepair,theWhensafetydeviceacomponentistakenisservedbyasinglesafetydevicesafetyistheaccomplishedcomponentbyshallanalsooutalternativebeofservicetakenformaintenanceormeans.

outofservice,unless14.5.9ofWherethewordsserviceattached“DocouldNotcauseoperationOperate,”ahazardousofacomponentthatistakenoutortheequivalentcondition,athereto,tagbearingtheshall--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---belockedtothecontrolsout.

ofthecomponent,orthecomponentshallbe14.5.10valvesshallStopbelockedvalvesfororsealedisolatingopen.

pressureorvacuum-relief14.5.10.1thorizedperson.

Stopvalvesshallnotbeoperatedexceptbyanau-14.5.10.2time.

Nomorethanonestopvalveshallbeclosedatone14.5.11inspectedInsulationannually.

systemsforimpoundingsurfacesshallbe14.6MarineShippingandReceiving.14.6.1*TransferOperationsinProgress.

14.6.1.1dockVehicletrafficshallfoldwhilewithintransfer100ft(30operationsm)ofthebeprohibitedonthepierorareloadinginprogress.

andunloadingmani-14.6.1.2thattransferWarningoperationssignsorarebarricadesinprogress.shallbeusedtoindicate14.6.2PriortoTransfer.

14.6.2.1transferPriortotransfer,theofficerinchargeofinspectandthepersoninchargeoftheshoreterminalvesselcargoshallmentistheirintherespectiveproperoperatingfacilitiestocondition.

ensurethattransferequip-14.6.2.2officerchargeinFollowingtransferofchargetheinspectiondescribedin14.6.2.1,thetheshoreofvesselterminalcargoshalltransferandthepersoninexist,andprocedure,meetanddeterminethereviewemergencyverifythatprocedures.ship-to-shorecommunications14.7ProductTransfer.

14.7.1containers,Wherebulktransfersaremadeintostationarystoragecompositiontheinthecontainer.

orLNGtemperaturebeingtransferredanddensityshallwithbethecompatibleLNGalreadyin2006Edition

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14.7.2aretionnotandcompatible,Wherethecompositionvaporevolutionmeansthatshallortemperatureanddensitycouldbetakencausetorollover.

preventstratifica-14.7.3itshallbeWheredesignedamixingtopreventnozzleorrollover.agitationsystemisprovided,14.8LoadingorUnloadingOperations.14.8.1GeneralRequirements.

14.8.1.1*attendanceAtwhileleastloadingonequalifiedorunloadingpersonisshallinprogress.beinconstant14.8.1.2WrittenProcedures.

(A)operationsWrittenproceduresshallbeavailabletocoverallatingprocedures.

andshallcoveremergencyaswellasnormaltransferoper-(B)toallWrittenpersonnelproceduresengagedshallintransferbekeptoperations.

uptodateandavailable14.8.1.3classifiedSourcesofignition,suchaswelding,flames,andun-orunloadingelectricalareasequipment,whiletransfershallisinnotprogress.

beallowedinloading14.8.1.4signsthatLoadingread“NoandSmoking.”

unloadingareasshallbepostedwith14.8.1.5theidentifiedsameWherelocation,multipleproductsareloadedorunloadedathandledbyoreachmarkedloadingsystem.

toindicatearms,thehoses,productormanifoldsorproductsshalltobebe14.8.1.6inventoryPriortotransfer,notestablishedtoensuregaugethatreadingsthereceivingshallbeobtainedvesseloroperations.

beoverfilled,andlevelsshallbecheckedduringtransfercan-14.8.1.7ensureThetemperaturethatvalvestransferoperation.

conditionsareinsystemtheshallbecheckedpriortousetoshallcorrectbeobservedposition,duringandpressurethetransferand14.8.1.8ensurethatThevalvestransferareinsystemthecorrectshallbepositioncheckedforpriortransfer.touseto14.8.1.9ifTransferoperationsshalltransferanyunusualvarianceinpressurebeorcommencedtemperatureslowlyoccurs,andandcorrected.

shallbestoppeduntilthecausehasbeendetermined14.8.1.10monitoredduringPressuretheandtransfertemperatureoperation.

conditionsshallbe14.8.2erationsWhileitedareintankprogress,carorrailtankandvehiclevehicleloadingorunloadingop-refrigerantswithin25whoseft(7.6vaporsm)ofareLNGheavierfacilitiestrafficshallbeprohib-thanorair.

within50ft(15m)of14.8.2.1checkedpositioned,andPriorandthetoconnectingatankcar,thecarshallbewarningbrakessignsset,theorlightsderailerplacedorswitchasrequired.properly14.8.2.2resetuntilThethewarningtransferissignscompletedorlightsandshallthenotcarbedisconnected.removedor14.8.2.3quiredforTrucktransfervehicleoperations.

enginesshallbeshutoffifnotre-14.8.2.4nectingforBrakesunloadingshallbeorsetloading.

andwheelscheckedpriortocon-Not for Resale

OPERATING,MAINTENANCE,ANDPERSONNELTRAINING59A–43

14.8.2.5Theengineshallnotbestarteduntilthetruckvehiclehasbeendisconnectedandanyreleasedvaporshavedissipated.14.8.2.6OxygenContent.

(A)PriortoloadingLNGintoatankcarortankvehiclethatisnotinexclusiveLNGservice,atestshallbemadetodeter-minetheoxygencontentinthecontainer.

(B)Iftheoxygencontentexceeds2percentbyvolume,thecontainershallnotbeloadeduntilithasbeenpurgedtobe-low2percentoxygenbyvolume.14.8.2.7NoPositivePressure.

(A)IfatankcarortankvehicleinexclusiveLNGservicedoesnotcontainapositivepressure,itshallbetestedforoxygencontent.

(B)Iftheoxygencontentexceeds2percentbyvolume,thecontainershallnotbeloadeduntilithasbeenpurgedtobe-low2percentoxygenbyvolume.

14.8.2.8Priortoloadingorunloading,atankvehicleshallbepositionedsoitcanexittheareawithoutbackingupwhenthetransferoperationiscomplete.

14.8.2.9Tankcarsandtankvehiclesthataretop-loadedthroughanopendomeshallbebondedelectricallytothefillpipingorgroundedpriortoopeningthedome.

14.8.3Communicationsshallbeprovidedatloadingandun-loadinglocationssothattheoperatorcanbeincontactwithotherremotelylocatedpersonnelwhoareassociatedwiththeloadingorunloadingoperation.14.9OtherOperations.

14.9.1Thedischargefromdepressurizingshallbedirectedtominimizeexposuretopersonnelorequipment.

14.9.2TakinganLNGcontaineroutofserviceshallnotberegardedasanormaloperation.

14.9.3Allsuchactivitiesshallrequirethepreparationofde-tailedprocedures.14.10SiteHousekeeping.

14.10.1Eachoperatingcompanyshalldothefollowing:(1)KeepthegroundsofitsLNGplantfreefromrubbish,debris,

andothermaterialsthatcouldpresentafirehazard

(2)Ensurethatthepresenceofforeignmaterialcontami-nantsoriceisavoidedorcontrolledtomaintaintheop-erationalsafetyofeachLNGplantcomponent

(3)MaintainthegrassedareaofitsLNGplantsothatitdoes

notcreateafirehazard.

(4)EnsurethatfirecontrolaccessrouteswithinitsLNGplant

areunobstructedandreasonablymaintainedinallweatherconditions14.10.2RepairsthatarecarriedoutoncomponentsofanLNGplantshallbecarriedoutinamannerthatensuresthefollowing:

(1)Thattheintegrityofthecomponentsismaintained,in

accordancewiththisstandard

(2)Thatcomponentsoperateinasafemanner

(3)Thatthesafetyofpersonnelandpropertyduringarepair

activityismaintained

14.11ControlSystems,Inspection,andTesting.

14.11.1Eachoperatingcompanyshallensurethatacontrolsystemthatisoutofservicefor30daysormoreistestedpriortoreturningittoservicetoensurethatitisinproperworkingorder.14.11.2Eachoperatingcompanyshallensurethattheinspec-tionsandtestsinthissectionarecarriedoutattheintervalsspecified.

14.11.3Controlsystemsthatareusedseasonallyshallbein-spectedandtestedbeforeuseeachseason.

14.11.4Controlsystemsthatareusedaspartofthefirepro-tectionsystemattheLNGplantshallbeinspectedandtestedinaccordancewiththeapplicablefirecodeandconformtothefollowing:

(1)Monitoringequipmentshallbemaintainedinaccordance

withNFPA72,NationalFireAlarmCode,andNFPA1221,Stan-dardfortheInstallation,Maintenance,andUseofEmergencySer-vicesCommunicationsSystems.

(2)Fireprotectionwatersystemsshallbemaintainedinaccor-dancewithNFPA13,StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystems;NFPA14,StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems;NFPA15,StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtection;NFPA20,StandardfortheInstallationofStationaryPumpsforFireProtection;NFPA22,StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection;andNFPA24,StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireServiceMainsandTheirAppurtenances.

(3)Portableorwheeledfireextinguisherssuitableforgas

(4)Fixedfireextinguishersandotherfirecontrolequipment

shallbemaintainedinaccordancewithNFPA11,StandardforLow-,Medium-,andHigh-ExpansionFoam;NFPA12,Stan-dardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems;NFPA12A,StandardonHalon1301FireExtinguishingSystems;NFPA16,StandardfortheInstallationofFoam-WaterSprinklerandFoam-WaterSpraySystems;NFPA17,StandardforDryChemicalEx-tinguishingSystems;andNFPA2001,StandardonCleanAgentFireExtinguishingSystems.14.11.5Controlsystems,otherthanthosereferredtoin14.11.3and14.11.4,shallbeinspectedandtestedonceeachcalendaryearatintervalsthatdonotexceed15months.14.11.6StationaryLNGtankreliefvalvesshallbeinspectedandset-pointtestedatleastonceevery2calendaryears,withintervalsnotexceeding30months,toensurethateachvalverelievesatthepropersetting.

14.11.7Allotherreliefvalvesprotectinghazardousfluidcom-ponentsshallberandomlyinspectedandset-pointtestedatintervalsnotexceeding5yearsplus3months.

14.11.8TheexternalsurfacesofLNGstoragetanksshallbeinspectedandtestedassetoutinthemaintenancemanualforthefollowing:

(1)Innertankleakage

(2)Soundnessofinsulation

(3)Tankfoundationheating,toensurethatthestructural

integrityorsafetyofthetanksisnotaffected

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59A–44PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

14.11.9containerLNGteranditsstoragefoundationplantsshalland,beinparticular,thestoragestructuraleachmajorintegritymeteorologicalexternallyinspectedaf-oftheplantdisturbanceisintact.

toensurethatthe14.11.10logicaleventIfaoccurs,potentiallythefollowingdamagingshallgeophysicalbeaccomplished:ormeteoro-(1)(2)TheTheplantnatureshallandbeextentshutdownofdamage,assoonifasany,ispractical.

shallbedeter-(3)mined.

There-established.plantshallnotberestarteduntiloperationalsafetyis

14.12CorrosionControl.

14.12.1forverselymetallicEachcomponentsoperatingcompanyofitsLNGshallplantensurethatthefollowingsionduringaffectedtheirwithservicerespectlife:

tointegrityorreliabilitycouldbybecorro-ad-(1)(2)ProtectionInspectionfromscheduledandreplacementcorrosioninoraccordancerepairunderwithaprogramSection9.9of

referredtomaintenanceunderSectionin14.4accordancewiththemanual14.12.2ponentelectricalofEachenceisminimized.

currentitsLNGoperatingplantcompanyshallensurethateachcom-isprotectedthatissubjectsothattotheinterferenceelectricalinterfer-froman14.12.3stalledEachimpressedcurrentpowersourceshallbesoin-municationandmaintainedorcontrolsystemthatitdoesatthenotLNGinterfereplant.

withanycom-14.12.4*sioncontrolEveryprovidedoperatingundercompanySectionshall9.9.

monitorthecorro-14.12.4.1thodicallydarprotectedEachburiedshallorbesubmergedcomponentthatisca-thatyearatintervalsthatdosurveyednotexceedatleast15onceeachcalen-applicablethesystemstandards.

meetsthecorrosioncontrolmonthsrequirementstoensureof14.12.4.2currentdarthatyearsystemEachitisoperatingatintervalsshallcathodicbeproperly.

thatinspectedprotectiondonotexceedatleastrectifier2sixtimesoreachimpressedensurecalen-1⁄2monthsto14.12.4.3eachcalendarInterferenceyearatintervalsbondsshallthatdobenotinspectedexceedat15leastmonths.once14.12.4.4sionEachexposedcomponentdonotfromexceedtheatmosphere3years.

shallbeinspectedthatissubjectatintervalstocorro-that14.12.4.5rosiontobyWhereacomponentisprotectedfrominternalcor-bedetectalocatedinternalcoatingwherecorrosioncorrosion,orinhibitors,issuchmonitoringmostaslikelycouponsdevicestooccur.

orprobes,designedshall14.12.4.6beInternalcorrosioncontrolnotcheckedexceedingatleast7twotimeseachcalendarmonitoringyeardevicesatintervalsshall1⁄2months.

14.12.5internalComponentsthatwillnotbeadverselyaffectedbyinmentsuseofincorrosionSectiontheLNGduring14.12.

planttheshalltimebethatexemptthecomponentfromtherequire-willbe14.12.6rosionIfitisdiscoveredbyactionsistonotcontrolbeingorcontrolledinspectionmonitortheatcorrosiontheLNGorotherwiseshallplant,benecessarythatcor-taken.

2006--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Edition

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14.13Records.

14.13.1ofmaintenancenotlessEachthanoperatingcompanyshallmaintainforaperiodLNGactivity5yearsperformedarecordofthedateandtypeofeachtakenplant,outofincludingorplacedaintorecordservice.

oftheoneachdatethatcomponentacomponentoftheis14.13.2hoursuponRecordsreasonableshallnotice.

bemadeavailableduringbusiness14.13.3eachEachLNGplantoperatorshallmaintainsufficienttest,controlmeasuresdetailsurvey,toorinspectionrequiredbythisstandardrecordsofinfordemonstratethelifeofthetheLNGadequacyfacility.ofcorrosion14.14PersonnelTraining.

14.14.1ferofLNGTrainingshallincludeforpersonnelthefollowing:

involvedinthemarinetrans-(1)LNGderthetransfersupervisionprocedures,ofapersonincludingwithpracticalsuchexperiencetrainingun-as(2)determinedTheprovisionsbytheoftheterminalcontingencyoperator

planrequiredin11.6.114.14.1.1practicaltrainingTimespentrequirement.assistinginthetransfershallfulfillthis14.14.2RefresherTraining.

14.14.2.111.6.1Personnelwhoreceivedthetrainingrequiredleastonceshalleveryreceive2years.

refreshertraininginthesamesubjectsbyat14.14.2.2shallfulfillthePerformingrequirementactualforloadingrefreshingorunloadingofpracticaloperationstraining.

AnnexAExplanatoryMaterial

includedAnnexAisnotapartoftherequirementsoftorymaterial,forinformationalnumberedtocorrespondpurposesonly.withThisthistheapplicableannexNFPAdocumentcontainstextparagraphs.explana-butisA.1.1standardsThisstandardestablishesessentialrequirementsliquefiedallnaturalforthegasdesign,(LNG)installation,facilities.andsafeoperationandofequipmentpersonsItmentisnotisanecessarydesignforconcernedItprovidesguidancetothewiththeconstructionandoperationhandbook,production,foritsproperandstorage,use.

competentandhandlingengineeringofLNG.judg-atmosphericAtsufficientlylowtemperatures,naturalgasingitstemperaturepressure,toapproximatelynaturalgascan−260°Fbeliquefiedliquefies.(−162°C).

byreduc-AtwillUponreleasefromthecontainertotheatmosphere,LNGaboutvaporizeperatures600timesandreleasethevolumegasthat,atambienttemperature,hasheavierbelowapproximatelyofthe−170°Fliquid.(−112°C),Generally,attem-peraturethanrises,ambientitbecomesairatlighter60°F(15.6°C).thanair.

However,theasitsgastem-ismethane.Notethatthe−260°F(−162°C)temperaturemationVehicularonIftheconstituentsarepresent,see3.3.15.valueForisinfor-forFueltheSystemsuseofCodeLNG.

asavehiclefuel,seeNFPA52,A.1.3consideredDepartureriskbythefromtherequirementsofthisstandardcanbecontingentassessment.uponInauthorityathedemonstrationcaseofhavingsuchjurisdictiononthebasisofaofdepartures,fitnessforapprovalpurposewillinline

beNot for Resale

ANNEXA59A–45

withtheprinciplesofthisstandardandotherapplicablerecog-(1)Provisionbetweenforminimumclearancesasnizedstandardsaswellasrecognizedandgenerallyacceptedgoodengineeringpractice.

tanks,Ariskapproachjustificationofalternativescanbeappli-equipment,flammableLNGcontainers,statedinthisstandard

withliquidrespectstorageflammabletobothtanks,refrigerantstorageplantstructures,propertyandlinesplantcableeithertotheLNGplantasawholeortoindividualsys-tems,subsystems,orcomponents.Theboundariesofthecom-(2)eachTheother

andponentsandsystemsoftheLNGplanttowhicharisk-basedassessmentisappliedaretobelogical.Asappropriate,account(3)beOtherprotecteddegreethatagainsttheplantforcescan,ofwithinlimitsofpracticality,

mustbegiventoremotehazardsoutsidetheboundsofthebearingfactorssystemunderconsideration.Suchaccountmustincludeinci-roundingonpublic

theapplicablesafetyoftoplantthenature

specificpersonnelsiteandthatthehavesur-a

dentsrelatingtoremotehazardsdirectlyaffectingorbeinginfluencedbythesystemunderconsideration.TheauthoritypotentialThereviewofsuchfactorsshouldincludehavingjurisdictioncanconsidertheapplicationofrisk-baseddesignorincidentsoperationandofthesafetyfacility.

measuresincorporatedanevaluationintheoftechniquesinthedesign,construction,operation,andmain-A.5.1.4tenanceoftheLNGplant.

areas.PortionsoftheLNGplantnotincludedintheriskassess-hazardInNewmentaretocomplywiththeapplicablepartsofthisstandard.deredareastheUnitedplantsitearemaintainedStates,locationsmapsshouldavoidfloodhazardbylocalthatdelineateofficialsorspecialcanbefloodor-Designers,fabricators,constructors,andoperatorsrequest-www.fema.gov.orviewedingapprovalbytheauthorityhavingjurisdictionarerespon-conditionsAccessibilityonlineattoFEMA’stheplantMapStoreathttp://sibleforthefollowing:ardandareaisofflooding.Whereencroachmentcanbeintolimitedafloodduringhaz-(1)RiskacceptancecriteriaFlooddamageunavoidable,tothesitemeasuresandfacilitiestominimizeshouldbefloodexposure(2)HazardidentificationBuildingsloads(3)Riskassessmentcontainers,andareOtheroutlinedStructuresinASCE7,MinimumDesigninvestigated.Loadsfor(4)

Riskmanagement

tation,mustbedesigned.Structures,andconstructedincludingtopreventtanksandflo-tentsduringcollapse,conditionspermanentofflooding.

lateralmovement,andlossofcon-A.3.2.1Approved.TheNationalFireProtectionAssociationA.5.4doesnotapprove,inspect,orcertifyanyinstallations,proce-shouldThebedeterminedtermscompetencebasedonandonecompetentofthefollowinginthisstandardcriteria:dures,equipment,ormaterials;nordoesitapproveorevalu-atetestinglaboratories.Indeterminingtheacceptabilityof(1)Documentedinstallations,procedures,equipment,ormaterials,theauthor-groupsityhavingjurisdictionmaybaseacceptanceoncompliancetothattesttrainingforknowledge,orcertificationskill,andfrominstitutionsor

withNFPAorotherappropriatestandards.Intheabsenceofthethefacilityscience,orcomponent

technology,orengineeringabilitydisciplinethatrelateforsuchstandards,saidauthoritymayrequireevidenceofproper(2)Evidenceinstallation,procedure,oruse.Theauthorityhavingjurisdic-useofasimilarofsuccessfulfacilitydesign,orcomponent

construction,operation,or

tionmayalsorefertothelistingsorlabelingpracticesofanorganizationthatisconcernedwithproductevaluationsandisitedEvidencetothefollowing:

tobeconsideredshouldincludebutnotbelim-thusinapositiontodeterminecompliancewithappropriate(1)standardsforthecurrentproductionoflisteditems.

(2)Work(3)Date(s)onsimilarfacilitiesorcomponents

A.3.2.2AuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ).Thephrase“au-(4)Owner/operatorthatworkwasperformedandcompletedThethorityhavingjurisdiction,”oritsacronymAHJ,isusedinNFPAdocumentsinabroadmanner,sincejurisdictionsandapproval(5)operation

amountoftimecontactthefacilityinformation

orcomponenthasbeenin

Anysubstantivemodificationstotheoriginalfacilityagenciesvary,asdotheirresponsibilities.Wherepublicsafetyisprimary,theauthorityhavingjurisdictionmaybeafederal,state,(6)component

Satisfactoryperformanceofthefacilityorcomponentlocal,orotherregionaldepartmentorindividualsuchasafirechief;firemarshal;chiefofafirepreventionbureau,laborde-alsoThepartment,orhealthdepartment;buildingofficial;electricalin-andbeabilitydeterminedtermscompetencetodothebasedandcompetentinthisstandardshouldfollowing:

ontheevidenceofknowledge,skill,spector;orothershavingstatutoryauthority.Forinsurancepur-poses,aninsuranceinspectiondepartment,ratingbureau,or(1)Recognizeanabnormalorflawedcondition

otherinsurancecompanyrepresentativemaybetheauthority(2)Respondconditionaccordinglyhavingjurisdiction.Inmanycircumstances,thepropertyowneratorhisorherdesignatedagentassumestheroleoftheauthorityoranycomponent

stagefromoftheoccurringtopreventanunsafeorhazardous

constructionortoorcorrectoperationsuchofatheconditionfacilityhavingjurisdiction;atgovernmentinstallations,thecommand-ingofficerordepartmentalofficialmaybetheauthorityhavingA.5.4.2jurisdiction.

ConstructionSeeandA.3.3.12G.Atsealevel,Gequalsapproximately32.2ft/sec/secAppendixConstructionofASCEFoundation56,SubsurfaceInvestigationforDesignandC,foroffurtherLarge,information.

Welded,forBuildingsLow-Pressure,andAPIStorage620,DesignTanks,(9.81m/sec/sec)

A.5.5A.3.3.22TransferArea.Transferareasdonotincludeprod-eraltypes,Soilasmovementfollows:

duetofreezingofwaterisoftwogen-uctsamplingdevicesorpermanentplantpiping.

(1)Theofamoistfreezingsoil.

ofinsituwatercausesvolumetricexpansion

A.5.1Thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsideredinthese-lectionofplantsitelocations:

(2)Frostfreezingheaveandisacausedcontinualbymigrationgrowthofoficewaterlenses.

toazoneof

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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--59A–46PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)A.5.7.5Slopeprotectionandimpoundingareapavingareexamplesofincidentalnonstructuralconcreteuse.

A.6.4.4Forinformationoninternalcombustionenginesorgasturbinesexceeding7500horsepowerperunit,seeNFPA850,Rec-ommendedPracticeforFireProtectionforElectricGeneratingPlantsandHighVoltageDirectCurrentConverterStations.

A.7.2.1.4Operatingrequirementsforpreventionofstratifi-cationarelocatedatSection14.7.

A.7.2.2.4TheOBEgroundmotionneednotexceedthemo-tionrepresentedbya5percentdampedaccelerationresponsespectrumhavinga10percentprobabilityofexceedancewithina50-yearperiod.

A.7.2.7.1Foundationdesignsandcontainerinstallationsshouldaccountforapplicablesite-specificconditions,suchasfloodloads,windloads,andseismicloads.TheCanadianFoundationEngineeringManual,publishedbytheCanadianGeotechnicalSociety;ASCE56,SubsurfaceInvestigationforDesignandConstructionofFoundationforBuildings;andAp-pendixCofAPI620,DesignandConstructionofLarge,Welded,Low-PressureStorageTanks,canbeusedasguidesforthesub-surfaceinvestigation.

A.7.2.7.4(3)Itmightnotbepracticaltoaddacathodicprotec-tionsystemtoanexistingtank’soutertankbottom,becauseofintegralelectricalconductivityofthebottomtothetankorplantgroundandlightningprotectionsystem.Groundingcanmakeacathodicprotectionsystemineffective.

A.7.2.7.5(D)Moistureaccumulationintheconduitcanleadtogalvaniccorrosionorotherformsofdeteriorationwithintheconduitorheatingelement.

A.7.3.1.2(2)API620definesexaminationaseitherradio-graphicorultrasonicexamination.

A.7.8.5.3Fordouble-wall,perlite-insulatedtanks,thiscanbethegoverningcriterionforpressurereliefvalvesizing.A.7.8.7.3Itistheresponsibilityoftheusertodeterminewhethertheinsulationwillresistdislodgmentbytheavailablefire-fightingequipmentandtodeterminetherateofheattrans-ferthroughtheinsulationwhenexposedtofire.

A.8.2.1Becausethesevaporizersoperateoveratemperaturerangeof−260°Fto+100°F(−162°Cto+37.7°C),therulesoftheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionI,PartPVGarenotapplicable.

A.9.1.3Particularconsiderationshouldbegivenwherechangesinsizeofwallthicknessoccurbetweenpipes,fittings,valves,andcomponents.

A.9.3.4(2)Undersomeconditions,markingmaterialsthatcontaincarbonorheavymetalscancorrodealuminum.Mark-ingmaterialsthatcontainchlorideorsulfurcompoundscancorrodesomestainlesssteels.

A.9.5Forinformationonidentificationofpipingsystems,seeASMEA13.1,SchemefortheIdentificationofPipingSystems.A.9.7.1ASMEB31.8,GasTransmissionandDistributionPipingSystems,paragraph841.275canbeusedasaguide.

A.9.9.149CFR192,SubpartI,includescorrosionprotectionrequirements.

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A.10.6.2area,thepointsspottingconsiderationIntheclassificationoftankshouldcarsandbeoftheextentofthehazardoustankgivenvehiclestopossibleatvariationsinofconnection.

andtheeffectthosevariationsmighthavetheonunloadingthepointSeeFigureA.10.6.2(a)throughFigureA.10.6.2(c).

Area within 5 ft (1.5 m)of relief valve15 ft (4.5 m)xContainerxHHBelowgrade pit or trenchDivision 1Division 2

FIGUREContainerA.10.6.2(a)toDike(HHeightLessthanDistancefromArea within 5 ft (1.5 m)of relief valve15 ft (4.5 m)Division 1

HContainerDivision 2

xFIGUREfromContainerA.10.6.2(b)toDikeDike(H>xHeight).

GreaterthanDistanceArea within 5 ft (1.5 m)of relief valve15 ft (4.5 m)GradeContainerDikeDivision 1Division 2FIGUREGradeorBelowA.10.6.2(c)TopofContainerDike.

withLiquidLevelBelowA.10.7.1NFPAForinformationongroundingandbonding,and6.1.3,77,RecommendedandNFPA70,PracticeNationalonElectricalStaticElectricityCode.

,Sectionsee5.4A.10.7.3ProtectionForinformationonstraycurrents,seeAPIStrayCurrents.

AgainstIgnitionsArisingOutofStatic,Lightning,RP2003,andA.10.7.4NFPA780,ForandStandardinformationfortheInstallationonoflightningLightningprotection,ProtectionSystemsseeLightning,APIRPand2003,StrayProtectionCurrents.

AgainstIgnitionsArisingOutofStatic,,A.11.3.2valvestressesclosureIfexcessivetoasafetimestressesareindicated,anincreaseofthelevel.

orothermethodscanbeusedtoreducetheNot for Resale

---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--ANNEXA59A–47

A.11.4.3Severalmethodscanbeusedforpurginglargecon-tainersintoandoutofservice.

Severalreferencescoverthepurgingoflargecontainers.Re-fertoPurging,PrinciplesandPractice,availablefromtheAmericanGasAssociation.

A.11.4.3.3Manyinsulatingmaterialsthathavehadpro-longedexposuretonaturalgasormethaneretainappreciablequantitiesofthegaswithintheirporesorinterstitialspaces.A.11.6.19Theemergencyshutdownsystemrequiredby11.6.19canbepartofthefacilityESDsystem,oritcanbeaseparateESDsystemspecifictotransferoperations.

A.11.6.20Theship’sexistinglifesavingappliances(i.e.,life-boats)canfulfilltherequirementforemergencyegress.A.12.2Forinformationonfireextinguishingsystems,seethefollowing:

(1)NFPA10,StandardforPortableFireExtinguishers

(2)NFPA11,StandardforLow-,Medium-,andHigh-Expansion

Foam

(3)NFPA12,StandardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems(4)NFPA12A,StandardonHalon1301FireExtinguishingSystems(5)NFPA13,StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystems(6)NFPA14,StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHose

Systems

(7)NFPA15,StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFire

Protection

(8)NFPA16,StandardfortheInstallationofFoam-WaterSprin-klerandFoam-WaterSpraySystems

(9)NFPA17,StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems(10)NFPA20,StandardfortheInstallationofStationaryPumpsfor

FireProtection

(11)NFPA22,StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection(12)NFPA24,StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireService

MainsandTheirAppurtenances

(13)NFPA25,StandardfortheInspection,Testing,andMainte-nanceofWater-BasedFireProtectionSystems(14)NFPA68,GuideforVentingofDeflagrations

(15)NFPA69,StandardonExplosionPreventionSystems(16)NFPA72,NationalFireAlarmCode

(17)NFPA750,StandardonWaterMistFireProtectionSystems(18)NFPA1961,StandardonFireHose

(19)NFPA1962,StandardfortheInspection,Care,andUseofFire

Hose,Couplings,andNozzlesandtheServiceTestingofFireHose(20)NFPA1963,StandardforFireHoseConnections

(21)NFPA2001,StandardonCleanAgentFireExtinguishingSystemsA.12.2.1Thewiderangeinsize,design,andlocationofLNGfacilitiescoveredbythisstandardprecludestheinclusionofde-tailedfireprotectionprovisionsthatapplytoallfacilitiescompre-hensively.Informationfortheevaluationcanbeobtainedfromnumeroussources,includingNFPAcodes,theU.S.CodeofFed-eralRegulations,buildingcodesapplicabletotheprospectivearea,andtheequipmentmanufacturer’sinformation.

A.12.2.2(9)Plantfirebrigadesarenotrequiredbythisstan-dard.Wherethefacilityelectstohaveafirebrigade,NFPA600,StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades,isrequiredforprotectiveequipmentandtraining.

A.12.6.1Extinguishersofthedrychemicaltypeusuallyarepreferred.Fixedfire-extinguishingandotherfirecontrolsys-temscanbeappropriatefortheprotectionofspecifichazardsasdeterminedinaccordancewith12.2.1.

A.12.8.1Protectiveclothingfornormalliquidtransferopera-tionsshouldincludecryogenicgloves,safetyglasses,faceshields,andcoverallsorlong-sleeveshirts.

A.12.8.3Informationconcerningconfinedentrypracticesandprocedurescanbefoundin29CFR1910.146,“Labor”;CanadianFederalEmploymentandLaborStatutesPartII;andanylocal,state,orprovincialrequirementsandstan-dardsthatapply.

A.12.8.4Naturalgas,LNG,andhydrocarbonrefrigerantswithintheprocessequipmentareusuallynotodorized,andthesenseofsmellcannotbereliedontodetecttheirpresence.Twoportabledetectorsshouldbeavailableformonitoringwhenrequired,withathirddetectorforbackup.Thisprovidesasparedetectorintheeventoffailureofoneoftheprimarydetectorsandalsoallowsverificationifthetwoprimarydetec-torsprovidedifferentreadings.

A.12.9Wheregasmustbereleasedintermittentlyorinanemergency,adischargedirectedupwardathighvelocitywillsafelydissipatethegas.Lever-operatedreliefvalvesoftencanbeusedforthispurpose.AnignitedflareispermittedinLNGfacilitiesiflocalconditionswarrant.

A.13.6.6Forinformationoncorrosionprotection,seeNACERP0169,ControlofExternalCorrosiononUndergroundorSub-mergedMetallicPipingSystems.

A.13.18.3.2Extinguishmentofgaseousfirescancauseabuild-upofflammablevaporsthatcanresultinanexplosioncausingdamagebeyondthatresultingfromthefireitself.Nor-mallythebestmethodforsuppressionofagaseousfuelfireisshutoffofthefuelsupply,whichresultsinextinguishmentofthefirebyfuelstarvation.Incaseswherethecontrolequipmentisinvolvedinthefireorwheredamagetoequipmentorstructureswillresultinlossofcontrolorlossoflife,thefiremayneedtobeextinguished.Inthosecases,vaporcontrolmustbeimplementedimmediatelytopreventanaccumulationofvaporsthatcouldre-sultinanexplosion.

A.14.1Becauseofmanyvariables,itisnotpossibletode-scribeinanationalstandardasetofoperatingandmainte-nanceproceduresthatwillbeadequatefromthestandpointofsafetyinallcaseswithoutbeingburdensomeor,insomecases,impractical.

A.14.2.2(6)Definitionsofsafety-relatedmalfunctionsaregivenin49CFR191forLNGplantsunderthejurisdictionoftheU.S.DepartmentofTransportationunder49CFR193.A.14.4.6.1IfanLNGfacilityisdesignedtooperateunattended,itisrecommendedthatalarmcircuitsthatcantransmitanalarmtothenearestattendedcompanyfacilitybeprovidedtoindicateabnormalpressure,temperature,orothersymptomsoftrouble.A.14.6.1Forinformationonoperationofpiers,docks,andwharves,seeNFPA30,FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode.A.14.8.1.1Wheregasmustbereleasedintermittentlyorinanemergency,adischargedirectedupwardathighvelocitywillsafelydissipatethegas.Lever-operatedreliefvalvesoftencanbeusedforthispurpose.AnignitedflareispermittedinLNGfacilitiesiflocalconditionswarrant.

A.14.12.4APIRP651,CathodeProtectionofAbovegroundPetro-leumStorageTanks,providesguidanceintheuseofcathodicprotection.

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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59A–48PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

AnnexBSeismicDesignofLNGPlants

butThisisincludedannexisfornotinformationalapartoftherequirementspurposesonly.

ofthisNFPAdocumentB.1mationIntroduction.ThepurposeofAnnexBisto(OBE)onTheseandthesafeselectionshutdownanduseearthquakeofoperatingprovideinfor-(SSE)basisearthquakestandardtworequiredforseismicthedesignlevelsofformpartoftherequirementsseismicoflevels.thisdownwhichcondition,toisolatethecontainerLNGcontainers,andmaintainsystemitincomponentsasafeshut-couldaffectandtheintegrityanystructuresoftheaforementioned.

orsystemsthefailureoftheseWhencomputingused.twoseismiclevels,lateralanimportanceforcesandshearsfactor,associatedI,of1.0canwithtorsStructuresinThatASCEisbecause,7,MinimumtotheDesignextentLoadsthattheimportancefac-beidentified,andbroadas“occupancytheICCInternationalforBuildingsandOtherimportanceBuildingCode(IBC)aretorangethisrangestandard,ofbuildingwhichdealsandwithstructurefactors”arathertypes,narrow,theythatdoapplywell-definednotapplytoapoundingofstructures(primarilyLNGcontainersandtheirim-relytheironthesystems).factthatThethe“importance”designerusingofthisthesestandardstructuresshouldandreflected“occupancyandperformanceinthedefinitionscategory”criteriaofofhave7.2.2.

OBEalreadyandSSEbeenandfactoredtheprovisionsin,asB.2ableOperatingBasisEarthquake(OBE).TheOBEisaprob-designearthquakestandlife.Allelementstowhichofafacilitythefacilitycanbearesubjectedduringitsproceduresthiseventtoremaininandinoperation.

criteria,accordanceand,therefore,withconventionaldesignedtowith-thefacilityengineeringisexpectedprobabilityTheOBEturnrepresentedintervalofisdefinedasgroundmotionhavinga10percentofexceedance475years).withinFordesign,a50-yearthismotionperiod(meanistypicallyre-aterangesofbynaturaldesignperiodresponseandspectradampingcoveringratio.theappropri-B.3SafeShutdownEarthquake(SSE).

B.3.1(MCE)ThemumgroundSSEmotion,”isthe“maximumperthedefinitionconsideredinearthquakelocations,DesignisexceptLoadspossiblyforBuildingsthoseandOtherStructuresASCE.For7,Mini-mostancegroundsponseinmotionthathasa2percentnearactiveprobabilityfaults,oftheexceed-MCEearthquake”spectruma50-yearperiod.Thecorrespondingdesignre-“designspectrumis50aspercentdefinedgreaterinASCEthan7.(Thethe“designASCE7whichthoughbuildingsearthquake”aredesignedrepresentsthegroundmotionforInLNGthisstandard,theyareallowedtheLNGtofacilitysustainsoissomeastodesignedtolerablesafeguardtocontaindamage).life,al-theunderandmovementsanSSEpreventcatastrophicfailureofcriticalfacilitiesisevent.notrequiredandevent.deformationsPlasticbehaviorandsignificantfinitetoarepermissible.ThefacilityinspectedFollowingstandardandrepairedsuchremainanevent,operationalthefacilityfollowingisexpectedthetoSSEbeASCE7SeismicareconsideredasGroupIIIequivalentnecessary.structure.

toThethoseprovisionsappliedoftothisanB.3.2provideTheprobabilityaminimumobjectiveoftheselectionanduseoftheSSEistoabilitylevelseismictoachieveevent.levelofacceptableItpublicisrecognizedsafetyintheeventofaverylowpublicsafetythatthevariesrequiredfromproject

prob-2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

todensity.project,therequiredItisdependingdesirableonlevelofpublictoallowsuchfactorssafety.

theowneraslocationflexibilityandinpopulationachievingB.3.3stateTheSSElevelofseismicloadingisthetheminimumcheckonthespecifiedcomponents.toThebespecifiedusedforaSSElimitisandanalysis.Thelevelactualofgroundlevelmustmotionbespecifiedthatmustbybeusedforaslocallocation,whenusedsiting,inconjunctiontypeofimpoundingwithothertheowner,system,considerations,suchficientclimaticthetoensureconditions,adequateandpublicphysicalsafetyfeatures,hazarditmustcontrol,besuf-mended.regulatorynentsAttheauthorities.SSElevelAriskanalysistothestudysatisfactionisrecom-oflimitsoflevelspecifiedtheLNGcontainerofseismicarepermittedloading,toprimaryreachthecompo-stressvolumeofloadinginofLNG.

must7.2.2.7.becapableAnLNGofcontinuingcontainersubjectedtocontaintoathisfullB.3.4signedOBEtoThewithstandimpoundingsystemmust,asaminimum,bede-5.2.2.1.levelofloadingthewhileSSEholdingleveloftheloadingvolume,whileVemptyandthelowingbeanTheSSE,rationaleisthatshouldtheLNGcontainer,asspecifiedfailfol-injectedabletocontainthetheimpoundingcontentsofsystemtheLNGmustcontainerremainintactwhenandaftershocktoancanaftershock.bereasonablyItisrepresentedassumedthatbytheanOBE.

strengthofsub-theB.3.5fecttem,theSystemsintegrityorofcomponents,thethefailureofwhichcouldaf-containerorthebedesignedandsystemLNGcontainer,theimpoundingsys-tomaintaincomponentsrequiredtoisolatetheLNGwithstanditaninSSE.

asafeshutdowncondition,mustB.3.6pableTheoperatorisrequiredangreaterearthquakeofmeasuringthatgroundproducesmotiontoinstallattheplantinstrumentationsite.Followingca-thatoutcontainerofthethanserviceoperatorthedesignOBEgroundgroundmotion,motionitequalisadvisabletoorandofhavethefacilityitinspectedeithertakeorprovetheLNGthatcontainerexcessForofthecomponentscontainer’shaveOBEnotstressbeenlevelsubjectedtoloadingtheLNGinseismicinstance,stresslevelsevent,ifwerecalculationstheLNGcontaineranddesigncriteria.notexceeded.

canprovewasthatpartiallythecontainerfullduringOBEtheB.4motionsDesignResponseSpectra.UsingtheOBEandandcoverhorizontalasdefineddesigninSectionresponseB.2spectraandB.3.1SSEgroundmustrespectively,verticalperiodsthedampingofentirevibration,rangeofincludinganticipatedbeconstructedthatthedampingratiosandnaturalthecontainedratioLNG.forthesloshing(convective)fundamentalmodeofperiodvibrationandofB.5OtherSeismicLoads.

B.5.1tainersSmallsignedandlimitingLNGplantsprocessingconsistingequipmentofshop-builtshouldLNGbecon-byturesASCEfor7,seismicMinimumloadingDesignusingLoadstheforgroundBuildingsmotionspecifiedde-formed.EithertheoranaamplificationstructuralresponseandOtherStruc-factoranalysisshouldbeper-in7.2.3.1,maximumtodeterminedesignspectraltheloadsaccelerationof0.60shouldonthevessels(SDS),beorpiping.asapplieddefinedtoB.5.2mustMinimumbeAlldesignedotherstructures,buildings,andprocessequipmentDesignLoadsforseismicforBuildingsloadingandinOtheraccordanceStructureswith.

ASCE7,Not for Resale

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unlockedonlybypersonsdesignatedinwritingbytheoperator.Duringanemergency,ameansmustbereadilyavailabletoallfacilitypersonnelwithintheprotectiveenclo-suretoopeneachaccess.

Sec.193.2907Protectiveenclosureconstruction.

AnnexCSecurity

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedforinformationalpurposesonly.

C.1General.ThisannexisreprintedfromTitle49oftheCodeofFederalRegulations,Part193,SubpartJ,AppendixJ.Theref-erenceshereinarefoundin49CFR193.Thesefederalrequire-mentsareapplicabletoLNGplantsintheUnitedStatesunderthejurisdictionoftheDepartmentofTransportation.

Sec.193.2901Scope.ThissubpartprescribesrequirementsforsecurityatLNGplants.However,therequirementsdonotapplytoexistingLNGplantsthatdonotcontainLNG.Sec.193.2903Securityprocedures.Eachoperatorshallpre-pareandfollowoneormoremanualsofwrittenprocedurestoprovidesecurityforeachLNGplant.TheproceduresmustbeavailableattheplantinaccordancewithSec.193.2017andin-cludeatleast:

(1)Adescriptionandscheduleofsecurityinspectionsand

patrolsperformedinaccordancewithSec.193.2913;(2)Alistofsecuritypersonnelpositionsorresponsibilities

utilizedattheLNGplant;

(3)Abriefdescriptionofthedutiesassociatedwitheachsecu-ritypersonnelpositionorresponsibility;

(4)Instructionsforactionstobetaken,includingnotification

ofotherappropriateplantpersonnelandlawenforce-mentofficials,whenthereisanyindicationofanactualorattemptedbreachofsecurity;

(5)Methodsfordeterminingwhichpersonsareallowedac-cesstotheLNGplant;

(6)Positiveidentificationofallpersonsenteringtheplant

andontheplant,includingmethodsatleastaseffectiveaspicturebadges;and

(7)Liaisonwithlocallawenforcementofficialstokeepthem

informedaboutcurrentsecurityproceduresunderthissection.Sec.193.2905Protectiveenclosures.

(1)Thefollowingfacilitiesmustbesurroundedbyaprotec-tiveenclosure:(a)Storagetanks;

(b)Impoundingsystems;(c)Vaporbarriers;

(d)Cargotransfersystems;

(e)Process,liquefaction,andvaporizationequipment;(f)Controlroomsandstations;(g)Controlsystems;

(h)Firecontrolequipment;

(i)Securitycommunicationssystems;and(j)Alternativepowersources.

Theprotectiveenclosuremaybeoneormoreseparateen-closuressurroundingasinglefacilityormultiplefacilities.Groundelevationsoutsideaprotectiveenclosuremustbegradedinamannerthatdoesnotimpairtheeffectivenessoftheenclosure.

Protectiveenclosuresmaynotbelocatednearfeaturesoutsideofthefacility,suchastrees,poles,orbuildings,whichcouldbeusedtobreachthesecurity.

Atleasttwoaccessesmustbeprovidedineachprotectiveenclosureandbelocatedtominimizetheescapedistanceintheeventofemergency.

Eachaccessmustbelockedunlessitiscontinuouslyguarded.Duringnormaloperations,anaccessmaybe

(1)Eachprotectiveenclosuremusthavesufficientstrength

andconfigurationtoobstructunauthorizedaccesstothefacilitiesenclosed.

(2)Openingsinorunderprotectiveenclosuresmustbese-curedbygrates,doorsorcoversofconstructionandfas-teningofsufficientstrengthsuchthattheintegrityoftheprotectiveenclosureisnotreducedbyanyopening.Sec.193.2909Securitycommunications.Ameansmustbeprovidedfor:

(1)Promptcommunicationsbetweenpersonnelhavingsupervi-sorysecuritydutiesandlawenforcementofficials;and

(2)Directcommunicationsbetweenallon-dutypersonnel

havingsecuritydutiesandallcontrolroomsandcon-trolstations.Sec.193.2911Securitylighting.WheresecuritywarningsystemsarenotprovidedforsecuritymonitoringunderSec.193.2913,theareaaroundthefacilitieslistedunderSec.193.2905(a)andeachprotectiveenclosuremustbeil-luminatedwithaminimuminservicelightingintensityofnotlessthan2.2lux(0.2ftcandles)betweensunsetandsunrise.Sec.193.2913Securitymonitoring.Eachprotectiveenclo-sureandtheareaaroundeachfacilitylistedinSec.193.2905(a)mustbemonitoredforthepresenceofunauthorizedpersons.MonitoringmustbebyvisualobservationinaccordancewiththescheduleinthesecurityproceduresunderSec.193.2903(a)orbysecuritywarningsystemsthatcontinuouslytransmitdatatoanattendedlocation.AtanLNGplantwithlessthan40,000m3(250,000bbl)ofstoragecapacity,onlytheprotectiveenclosuremustbemonitored.

Sec.193.2915Alternativepowersources.AnalternativesourceofpowerthatmeetstherequirementsofSec.193.2445mustbeprovidedforsecuritylightingandsecuritymonitoringandwarningsystemsrequiredunderSecs.193.2911and193.2913.

Sec.193.2917Warningsigns.

(1)Warningsignsmustbeconspicuouslyplacedalongeach

protectiveenclosureatintervalssothatatleastonesignisrecognizableatnightfromadistanceof30m(100ft)fromanywaythatcouldreasonablybeusedtoapproachtheenclosure.

(2)Signsmustbemarkedwithatleastthefollowingona

backgroundofsharplycontrastingcolor:

Thewords“NOTRESPASSING,”orwordsofcomparablemeaning.

(2)(3)(4)(5)

AnnexDTraining

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedforinformationalpurposesonly.

D.1General.ThisannexisreprintedfromTitle49oftheCodeofFederalRegulations,Part193,SubpartH.Thereferenceshereinarefoundin49CFR193.ItisapplicabletoLNGplantsintheUnitedStatesunderthejurisdictionoftheDepartmentofTransportation.

2006Edition

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59A–50PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

forSec.personnel193.2701qualificationsScope.Thisandsubparttraining.

prescribesrequirementsfabricationSec.193.2703--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ofcomponents,Designandeachfabrication.operatorForshalltheusedesign—and(1)Withcompetencerespectbytotrainingdesign,orpersonsexperiencewhoinhavethedesigndemonstrated

ofcom-(2)parableWithcompetencerespectcomponents.

tofabrication,comparablecomponents.bytrainingorpersonsexperiencewhoinhavethedemonstrated

fabricationoftesting.

Sec.193.2705Construction,installation,inspection,and(1)Supervisorstion,andotherpersonnelonstratedinstallation,assignedtheircapabilityinspection,ortestingutilizedmustforhaveconstruc-dem-odsandfunctionequipmentbytoappropriatetoperformbeusedortrainingsatisfactorilyrelatedinthemeth-the(2)andEachaccomplishments.

experiencetorsoperatormustperformingperformingtheirdutiesperiodicallyassignedunderfunction.Sec.determine193.2307whetheraresatisfactorilyinspec-Sec.193.2707Operationsandmaintenance.

(1)Eachcomponentsoperatorshallutilizeforoperationtheircapabilityonlytoperformthosepersonneltheirassignedwhohaveormaintenancefunctionsdemonstratedof

by—(a)Successfulcompletionofthetrainingrequiredby

(b)Secs.Experience193.2713relatedandto193.2717;theassignedand

operationormainte-(c)nanceAcceptablefunction;evanttotheperformanceand

assignedfunction.

onaproficiencytestrel-(2)Agraphpersonwhodoesnotmeettherequirementsofpara-ponent(a)whenofthisaccompaniedsectionmayoperateormaintainacom-(3)whoCorrosionmeetsanddirectedbyanindividualcludingcontroltherequirements.

proceduresundermaintenancethoseriedexperienceoutby,andorofforundercathodicthedesign,installation,Sec.193.2605(b),operation,andin-trainingtheindirectionprotectioncorrosionof,systems,controlapersonmustbecar-technology.qualifiedbymustSec.fulcompletionbe193.2709qualifiedoftoSecurity.theperformPersonneltrainingtheirrequiredassignedhavingunderdutiessecuritySec.by193.2715.success-dutiesaSec.193.2711Personnelhealth.Eachmaintenance,writtenplanplantsecurity,toverifythatpersonneloperatorassignedshalloperating,followperformancedonothavesignedoftheiranyorassignedphysicalfireprotectiondutiesattheLNGduties.conditionThethatplanwouldmustimpairbede-physicaltosionalexaminationhandicapsdetectbothorforinjury,readilydiscovery.

andobservableconditionsdisorders,requiringsuchprofes-asSec.193.2713Training:operationsandmaintenance.(1)Eachofinitialoperatortrainingshalltoprovideinstructand—

implementawrittenplan

(a)Allsorypermanentpersonnelmaintenance,—

operating,andsupervi-i.Aboutandthefacility,othertheflammablecharacteristicsincluding,fluidsandwithregardusedhazardsortohandledofLNGLNG,low

at2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

temperatures,odorlessflammabilityofmixtureswithair,ii.tionvapor,boiloffcharacteristics,andreac-Abouttothewaterpotentialandwaterhazardsspray;

involvedinoperat-iii.ingTotenancecarryandmaintenanceoutaspectsofactivities;theoperatingand

193.2605procedurestions;and

thatrelateundertotheirSecs.assigned193.2503andmain-func-and(b)Allpersonnel—

i.ToSec.carry193.2509outthethatemergencyrelatetotheirproceduresassignedunderii.tions;Togiveand

func-first-aid;and(c)Alloperatingandappropriatesupervisorypersonnel—

i.Toityunderstanddetailedinstructionsonthefacil-ii.operatingoperations,includingcontrols,functions,andTovidedunderstandprocedures;underSec.the193.2513.

LNGand

transferprocedurespro-(2)Aatwrittencurrentintervalsplanofcontinuinginstructionmustbeconducted

gramofonofinitialthenotmorethantwoyearstokeepallpersonnelinstruction.knowledgeandskillstheygainedinthepro-Sec.193.2715Training:security.

(1)PersonnelberesponsibleforsecurityatanLNGplantmust

structiontrainedto:

inaccordancewithawrittenplanofinitialin-(b)(a)RecognizeCarry(c)thatoutthebreachessecurityofproceduressecurity;

underSec.193.2903

Beprocedures,familiarrelatetowiththeirasnecessarybasicassignedplantduties;

toeffectivelyoperationsperformandemergency

(d)signedtheiras-Recognizeduties;and

needed.

conditionswheresecurityassistanceis

(2)Aatwrittenplanofcontinuinginstructionhavingintervalsofnotmorethantwoyearstomustkeepbeconducted

theygainedsecurityinthedutiesprogramcurrentofinitialontheinstruction.knowledgeallpersonnelandskillsSec.193.2717Training:fireprotection.

(1)Allanpersonnelinvolvedinmaintenanceandoperationsof

mustLNGplant,includingtheirimmediatesupervisors,tialinstruction,betrainedincludinginaccordanceplantwithfiredrills,awrittento:

planofini-(a)Know(b)derandfollowthefirepreventionproceduresun-KnowSec.(c)minedthe193.2805(b);

potentialcausesandareasoffiredeter-Know(d)ofKnowfiretheundertypes,Sec.sizes,193.2805(a);

andpredictableconsequences

trolanddeterminedbeabletounderperformSec.their193.2817(a);and

underdutiesprovidedSec.under193.2509accordingSec.andtotheproceduresassignedestablishedfirecon-193.2817.

byproperuseofequipment(2)Afirewrittenthandrills,planmustofbecontinuingconductedinstruction,atintervalsincludingofnotplant

edgetwographandyearstokeeppersonnelcurrentontheknowl-more(a)skillsofthetheysection.

gainedintheinstructionunderpara-Not for Resale

ANNEXE59A–51

Sec.193.2719Training:records.

(1)Eachoperatorshallmaintainasystemofrecordswhich—

(a)Provideevidencethatthetrainingprogramsrequired

bythissubparthavebeenimplemented;and

(b)Provideevidencethatpersonnelhaveundergoneand

satisfactorilycompletedtherequiredtrainingprograms.(c)Recordsmustbemaintainedforoneyearafterperson-nelarenolongerassigneddutiesattheLNGplant.

AnnexEInformationalReferences

E.1ReferencedPublications.Thedocumentsorportionsthereoflistedinthisannexarereferencedwithintheinforma-tionalsectionsofthisstandardandarenotpartoftherequire-mentsofthisdocumentunlessalsolistedinChapter2forotherreasons.

E.1.1NFPAPublications.NationalFireProtectionAssocia-tion,1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA02169-7471.

NFPA10,StandardforPortableFireExtinguishers,2002edi-tion.

NFPA11,StandardforLow-,Medium-,andHigh-ExpansionFoam,2005edition.

NFPA12,StandardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems,2005edition.

NFPA12A,StandardonHalon1301FireExtinguishingSystems,2004edition.

NFPA13,StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystems,2002edition.

NFPA14,StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems,2003edition.

NFPA15,StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtec-tion,2001edition.

NFPA16,StandardfortheInstallationofFoam-WaterSprinklerandFoam-WaterSpraySystems,2003edition.

NFPA17,StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems,2002edition.

NFPA20,StandardfortheInstallationofStationaryPumpsforFireProtection,2003edition.

NFPA22,StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection,2003edition.

NFPA24,StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireServiceMainsandTheirAppurtenances,2002edition.

NFPA25,StandardfortheInspection,Testing,andMaintenanceofWater-BasedFireProtectionSystems,2002edition.

NFPA30,FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode,2003edition.

NFPA52,VehicularFuelSystemsCode,2006edition.

NFPA68,GuideforVentingofDeflagrations,2002edition.NFPA69,StandardonExplosionPreventionSystems,2002edition.NFPA70,NationalElectricalCode®,2005edition.NFPA72®,NationalFireAlarmCode®,2002edition.

NFPA77,RecommendedPracticeonStaticElectricity,2000edition.NFPA255,StandardMethodofTestofSurfaceBurningCharac-teristicsofBuildingMaterials,2006edition.

NFPA600,StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades,2005edition.

NFPA750,StandardonWaterMistFireProtectionSystems,2003edition.

NFPA780,StandardfortheInstallationofLightningProtectionSystems,2004edition.

NFPA850,RecommendedPracticeforFireProtectionforElectricGeneratingPlantsandHighVoltageDirectCurrentConverterSta-tions,2005edition.

NFPA1961,StandardonFireHose,2002edition.

NFPA1962,StandardfortheInspection,Care,andUseofFireHose,Couplings,andNozzlesandtheServiceTestingofFireHose,2003edition.

NFPA1963,StandardforFireHoseConnections,2003edition.NFPA2001,StandardonCleanAgentFireExtinguishingSys-tems,2004edition.E.1.2OtherPublications.

E.1.2.1AGAPublication.AmericanGasAssociation,400N.CapitolStreet,N.W.,Washington,DC20001.Purging,PrinciplesandPractice,1975.E.1.2.2APIPublications.AmericanPetroleumInstitute,1220LStreet,N.W.,Washington,DC20005-4070.

API620,DesignandConstructionofLarge,Welded,Low-PressureStorageTanks,1990.

APIRP651,CathodeProtectionofAbovegroundPetroleumStor-ageTanks,1997.

APIRP2003,ProtectionAgainstIgnitionsArisingOutofStatic,Lightning,andStrayCurrents,1991.

E.1.2.3ASCEPublications.AmericanSocietyofCivilEngi-neers,1801AlexanderBellDrive,Reston,VA20191.

ASCE7,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOtherStruc-tures,1993.

ASCE56,SubsurfaceInvestigationforDesignandConstructionofFoundationforBuildings,1976.

E.1.2.4ASMEPublications.AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,ThreeParkAvenue,NewYork,NY10016-5990.ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,1992.

ASMEA13.1,SchemefortheIdentificationofPipingSystems,1981.ASMEB31.8,GasTransmissionandDistributionPipingSys-tems,1992.

E.1.2.5ASTMPublication.AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,100BarrHarborDrive,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.

ASTME136,StandardTestMethodforBehaviorofMaterialsinaVerticalTubeFurnaceat750°C,2004.

E.1.2.6CanadianGeotechnicalSocietyPublication.AvailablefromB1-TechPub.Ltd.,173-11860HammersmithWay,Rich-mond,BCV7A5G1,Canada.

CanadianFoundationEngineeringManual,1993.E.1.2.7ICCPublication.InternationalCodeCouncil,5203LeesburgPike,Suite600,FallsChurch,VA22041.InternationalBuildingCode(IBC),2003.E.1.2.8NACEPublication.NACEInternational,1440SouthCreekDrive,Houston,TX77084-4906.

NACERP0169,ControlofExternalCorrosiononUndergroundorSubmergedMetallicPipingSystems,2002.

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Not for Resale

59A–52PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

E.1.2.9ingOffice,U.S.Washington,GovernmentDCPublications.20402.

U.S.GovernmentPrint-“Permit-RequiredTitle29,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part1910.146,tiveApril15,1993.

ConfinedSpaces,”January14,1993,effec-tionTitle49,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part191,“Transporta-dentofReports,NaturalandandSafety-RelatedOtherGasbyConditionPipeline;AnnualReports.”

Reports,Inci-tationTitle49,CodeofFederaleralStandards.”

ofNaturalandOtherRegulations,GasbyPipeline:Part192,Minimum“Transpor-Fed-2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Title49,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part193,“LiquefiedNaturalGasFacilities:FederalSafetyStandards.”

E.1.2.10OtherPublications.CanadianFederalEmploymentandLaborStatutes,PartII.

E.2InformationalReferences.(Reserved)

E.3ReferencesforExtractsinInformationalSections.(Re-served)

Not for Resale

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Index

Thecopyrightinthisindexisseparateanddistinctfromthecopyrightinthedocumentthatitindexes.Thelicensingprovisionssetforthforthedocumentarenotapplicabletothisindex.ThisindexmaynotbereproducedinwholeorinpartbyanymeanswithouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofNFPA.

Doublecontainment.........................5.2.2.6,5.2.2.7,5.2.4.2Definition.....................................................3.3.5.1Filling,stationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers........13.4Fillingvolume.....................................................7.2.6Foundation................................seeFoundations,containerFrozenground.................................................1.1.2(1)Definition.....................................................3.3.5.2Fullcontainment.............................5.2.2.6,5.2.2.7,5.2.4.2Definition.....................................................3.3.5.3Gauges..................................10.1.1,10.2,13.15.2,13.15.3Heatingsystems.......................seeHeatingsystems,containerInspection................................................seeInspectionInstallation...............................................13.6,A.13.6.6Instrumentation...................................10.1to10.5,13.15Insulation....................................seeInsulation,containerLowtemperatureexposure...........................7.2.1.2,7.2.1.5Marking....................................................7.5,13.3.15Membrane(definition)........................................3.3.5.4Metal.................................................................7.3Pressureandvacuumcontrol..........................7.8,13.15.3.3,

13.15.4to13.15.8,A.7.8.5.3,A.7.8.7.3

Prestressedconcrete(definition).............................3.3.5.5Purging......................................................seePurgingSeismicdesign......................................seeSeismicdesignShop-built..........................................................7.2.3Singlecontainment(definition)..............................3.3.5.6Spacing.............................................................5.2.4StationaryLNGstorage......Chap.7;seealsoConcretecontainers;

StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers,requirementsfor

Supports....................................................seeSupportsTemperaturegauges......................................10.4,13.6.5Testing........................................................seeTestingUnderground.............................13.6.3to13.6.6,14.12.4.1Wind,flood,andsnowloads............................7.2.4,13.5.4Controlcenter..........................................................4.4Controllableemergency(definition)...............................3.3.6Controlsystems.....................................................14.4.3Inspectionandtesting...............................13.18.4.5,14.11Powersources.....................................................4.5.1Cooldownprocedure

Containers...........................................................7.7Systemofcomponents..............................13.18.2.4,14.4.2Corrosioncontrol......................................................4.3ASMEcontainers,underground....................13.6.6,A.13.6.6LNGplant............................................14.12,A.14.12.4Pipingsystems..............................................9.9,A.9.9.1Cryogenicequipment

Cooldownprocedure................................13.18.2.4,14.4.2Soilprotection...............................................5.5,A.5.5Temperatureindicators.........................................10.4.2

Aircirculation,undercontainerfoundations...................7.2.7.6Ambientvaporizers.........................................seeVaporizersApproved(definition)......................................3.2.1,A.3.2.1Armsandhoses,LNGandrefrigeranttransfer...................11.9ASMEcontainers,stationaryapplicationsusing..........seeStationary

applicationsusingASMEcontainers,requirementsfor

Authorityhavingjurisdiction(definition)................3.2.2,A.3.2.2

-A-

-B-Barrel(definition)...................................................3.3.1Boil-offgas–handlingsystem.......................................6.4.5Bonding,electrical............................10.7,A.10.7.1toA.10.7.4Buildingsandstructures

Concrete....................................................5.7.2,5.7.4Construction.........................................................5.3Containerslocatedin...........................................13.6.8DistancefromLNGcontainersortanks.........5.2.4.1,5.3.5(10),

13.6.2.2,13.6.3,13.6.9

Location...........................................................5.3.4Odorizationofemergencyfacility...............................5.3.6PortableLNGequipmentusedin...............................5.3.5Ventilation.........................................................5.3.3Bunkering(definition)..............................................3.3.2

-C-Cargotankvehicles

Definition..........................................................3.3.3Loading/unloading................11.7,13.18.2.7,14.8,A.14.8.1.1Checkvalves........................................................11.3.4Combustionairsupply,vaporizer....................................8.5Combustionproducts,accumulationof.............................8.6Communications,atloading/unloadingfacilities................11.10Components...................seealsoPipingsystemsandcomponentsCooldownprocedure................................13.18.2.4,14.4.2Definition..........................................................3.3.4Compressors....................................................14.4.4(3)Constructionof.....................................................6.2Transfercontrol...................................................11.5Concreteconstructionmaterials............................5.7,A.5.7.5Concretecontainers...................................................7.4Aggregate........................................................7.4.2.2Construction...............................................5.7.1,7.4.3High-tensile-strengthelements................................7.4.2.4Inspection.........................................................7.4.3Materials,requirementsfor........................5.7,7.4.2,A.5.7.5Nonstructuralmetallicbarriers......................7.4.2.6,7.4.2.7Pneumaticmortar..............................................7.4.2.3Prestressedconcrete

Containerstructure............................................7.4.1Definition.....................................................3.3.5.5Reinforcingsteel................................................7.4.2.5Structure...........................................................7.4.1Testing.............................................................7.4.3Confinedspaces,entryinto............................12.8.3,A.12.8.3Containers..................................seealsoConcretecontainersASME,stationaryapplicationsusing.....seeStationaryapplications

usingASMEcontainers,requirementsfor

Cooldownprocedure...............................................7.7Definition..........................................................3.3.5Design................................................................7.3

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`----D-Delugesystem..................................................5.2.4.2(B)Designerandfabricatorcompetence.............5.4,A.5.4.1,A.5.4.2Designpressure..........................................8.2.2,13.3.12.2Definition..........................................................3.3.7Detectionsystems....................................5.2.3.7,12.4,13.17Dikes.......5.2.1.1,5.2.2.1(3),5.2.2.5,5.2.2.8,5.2.2.9,13.8.1,13.8.3Definition..........................................................3.3.8Documentation...........................................seealsoManualsLoadingorunloading,proceduresfor......................14.8.1.2

2006Edition

Not for Resale

59A–54PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

Maintenance.........................................14.2,A.14.2.2(6)Operatingandmaintenanceprocedures........13.18,A.13.18.3.2Training..................................14.2,A.14.2.2(6),AnnexDDoublecontainmentcontainers..........................seeContainersDrainagesystem,designandcapacity.............................5.2.2

-E-Earthquakes............................................seeSeismicdesignElectricalequipment..............................10.6,11.2.2,A.10.6.2Groundingandbonding..................10.7,A.10.7.1toA.10.7.4Lighting..........................................4.5.1,11.10.2,13.2.7Powersources........................................4.5,13.18.4.1(2)Electricpowerlines,overhead...................................13.6.10Emergencypowersource..............................4.5,13.18.4.1(2)Emergencyprocedures.............................................14.4.8Marineshippingandreceiving.................................11.6.1StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers.........13.18.1(4),

13.18.3

Trainingplanfor...............................................4.2.1.1Emergencyshutdown(ESD)system..............10.5,12.2.2(6),12.3MarineLNGtransfersystem......................11.6.19,A.11.6.19Employees

Safety........................................12.8,A.12.8.1toA.12.8.4Training........................................seeTraining,employeeEquivalencytostandard........................................1.3,A.1.3Extendedbonnetvalves.........................................seeValvesExtinguishers,portablefire...................5.3.5(12),12.6.1,12.6.4,

13.18.4.5(C)(3),14.11.4(3),A.12.6.1

-F-Fabricatorcompetence.............................5.4,A.5.4.1,A.5.4.2Failsafe.............................5.2.3.7,10.5,12.3.4,12.3.5,13.15.1Definition..........................................................3.3.9Filling,container......................................................13.4Fillingvolume,containers...........................................7.2.6Firedequipment(definition)................3.3.10;seealsoVaporizersFiredetection.........................5.2.3.7(1),12.4.1,12.4.3,12.4.4Fireexposure.........................................................7.8.7Fireextinguishingsystemsandequipment.........5.2.4.2(B),12.2.2,

12.5,12.6,A.12.2,A.12.6.1;seealsoExtinguishers,portablefire

Inspectionandtesting.........................13.18.4.5(C),14.11.4Maintenance.......................................................12.7Fireprotection......Chap.12,A.13.18.3.2;seealsoFireextinguishing

systemsandequipment

Flamespreadindex

Definition........................................................3.3.11Insulationmaterials...........................7.2.5.1(B),7.2.5.2(C)Flammablegasindicators..............................seeGasdetectorsFlammableliquids,storageof................................6.3,10.1.2Flammablemixturedispersiondistances........................5.2.3.4Flashgases,handling................................................6.4.5Floodloads,containers.............................................7.2.4Floods...............................................................13.5.4Containerdesignfor.............................................7.2.4Foundations,container.....................................7.2.7,14.5.6,

14.11.8(3),A.7.2.7.1,A.7.2.7.4(3)

ASMEcontainers..................................13.5,13.18.4.1(1),

13.18.4.5(E)(3),13.18.4.5(F)

Temperature-monitoringsystems..............................10.4.2Foundations,maintenanceof.......................................14.5Frozengroundcontainers.......................................1.1.2(1)Definition........................................................3.3.5.2Fullcontainmentcontainers..............................seeContainers

-G-Gasdetectors..........................5.2.3.7(3),12.4.1,12.4.2,12.4.4Portableflammablegasindicators..................12.8.4,A.12.8.4StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers...............13.17

2006Edition

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Gaugingandgauges...........10.1to10.3,13.15.2,13.15.3,14.8.1.6G(definition)............................................3.3.12,A.3.3.12Grounding.....................................10.7,A.10.7.1toA.10.7.4

-H-Hazardousfluids...................seealsoCorrosioncontrol;PurgingDefinition........................................................3.3.13Dispersiondistances............................................5.2.3.4Heatedvaporizers..........................................seeVaporizersHeatingsystems,container..............................7.2.7.5,7.2.7.7,

13.6.5,13.18.4.5(E)(3),14.11.8(3)

Hosesandarms,LNGandrefrigeranttransfer.........11.9,14.8.1.5Housekeeping.......................................................14.10

-I-Ice

Accumulationof...............................................13.15.8Falling................................................................5.6Identification

Containers.................................................7.5,13.3.15Marinetransfersystemcomponents.........................14.8.1.5Out-of-servicecomponents.....................................14.5.9Pipingsystems............................9.3.4,9.5,A.9.3.4(2),A.9.5Ignitionsources.................11.2.2,11.2.3,11.6.6,11.6.7,14.8.1.3Impoundingareas.............................................5.2.1,13.8Construction.............................................5.7.5,A.5.7.5Definition........................................................3.3.14Designandcapacity..............................................5.2.2Designspill......................................................5.2.3.5Distancefrombuildingsandpropertylines........13.6.2.2,13.6.3Seismicdesign.........................................7.2.2,A.7.2.2.4Siting...............................................................5.2.3Waterremoval.................................................5.2.2.10Inspection...............................................14.5.3(1),14.5.5Containers..............................................7.1,7.4.3,13.9Tankbottomtemperaturesurvey.................7.2.7.7,7.2.7.8Controlsystems.......................................13.18.4.5,14.11Frequencyof...................................................14.4.6.1MarineLNGtransfersystem..................................11.6.17Marinetransfersystem.........................14.8.1.6to14.8.1.10Operations,monitoringof.....................................14.4.6Piping...................................................9.6,11.6.17(1)Records...........................................................14.4.7StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers.............13.14.2,

13.18.4.1,13.18.4.5

Vaporizers................................................8.2.1,A.8.2.1Instrumentation...........................10.1to10.5,13.6.5,14.8.1.6Insulation,container..........................7.2.5,7.3.2.3,7.3.2.4(B),

13.3.5,13.3.10,13.18.4.5(E)(2),14.11.8(2)

Integralheatedvaporizers.................................seeVaporizersIsolationvalves...................................................seeValves

-L-Leakcontrolandleaktesting.................seeSpillandleakcontrolLeaks,detection.........................................seeGasdetectorsLighting

Emergency.........................................................4.5.1Loading/unloadingfacilities..................................11.10.2StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers..............13.2.7Lightningprotection.....................................10.7.4,A.10.7.4Liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)(definition)........................3.3.15Liquidlevelgauging........................................10.1,13.15.2LNGplant(definition)..................3.3.16;seealsoProcessplantsLNGstoragecontainers,stationary......................seeContainersLoadingandunloadingfacilities......................seeTransfer,LNG

andrefrigerants

Lowtemperatureexposure,materialsrequiredfor............7.2.1.2,

7.2.1.5,7.4.2,9.2.1.2

Not for Resale

INDEX59A–55

-M-Maintenance.....................................................Chap.14Personnel,trainingof..........................................4.2.1.2Records................................................13.18.4.7,14.13StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers...............13.18,

13.18.4,A.13.18.3.2

Manuals

Emergencyprocedures......................................13.18.3.1Maintenance...........................................13.18.4.2,14.5Operatingprocedures...............................13.18.1,13.18.2,

14.2to14.4,A.14.2.2(6)

Marineshippingandreceiving........11.6,14.6,A.11.6.19,A.11.6.20Bunkeringoperations..........................................11.6.22Mooringplans...................................................11.6.4Transferoperations............................................11.6.15Certificationof..............................................11.6.16Marking..................................................seeIdentificationMaximumallowableworkingpressure.......................7.2.1.1(1),

13.2.8,13.3.3,13.15.3.1

Definition........................................................3.3.17Measurement,unitsof.................................................1.5Membranecontainers.....................................seeContainersMetalcontainers.......................................................7.3Foroperationatmorethan15psi..............................7.3.2Foroperationat15psiandless.................................7.3.1Methane............................................................5.2.3.4Metricpractices........................................................1.5Model(definition)..................................................3.3.18

-N-Nitrogen,transferof..............................................11.6.21Noncombustiblematerial(definition)...........................3.3.19

-O-Odorizationofemergencyfacility.................................5.3.6Operatingbasisearthquake(OBE)..........................7.2.2.2(2),

7.2.2.4to7.2.2.8,A.7.2.2.4,B.1,B.2

Operations...................................Chap.14;seealsoManualsCooldownprocedure................................13.18.2.4,14.4.2Emergencyprocedures.........................................14.4.8Personnel,trainingof..........................................4.2.1.2StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers,

requirementsfor.......................13.18,A.13.18.3.2

Out-of-service.......................................................14.5.9Definition........................................................3.3.20Safetydevices..............................13.18.4.1(3),13.18.4.1(4)

Supports.............................................................9.4Testing...............................................................9.6TransferofLNG/refrigerants.........................11.3,A.11.3.2Valves........................................................9.2.4,9.3.2Vaporizers............................................................8.3Welding............................................................9.3.3Plans

Emergencyprocedures....................................13.18.1(5)Marineshippingandreceiving..............................11.6.1Mooringplans...................................................11.6.4Training...........................................13.18.5.2,13.18.5.3Plants...............................................seealsoProcessplantsLNG(definition)................................................3.3.16Sitingandlayoutof...........................................Chap.5Pointoftransfer...........................................11.6.8,13.6.9PortableLNGequipment...........................................5.3.5Powersources..........................................................4.5Pressure

Containers,pressurecontrolfor........................7.8,13.15.3,

A.7.8.5.3,A.7.8.7.3

Design..............................................seeDesignpressureMaintaining......................................................14.4.4Maximumallowableworking......seeMaximumallowableworking

pressure

Monitoringof...........................14.8.1.7,14.8.1.9,14.8.1.10Reliefdevices/valves.........................seeReliefdevices/valvesTests.........................................................9.6.1,9.6.2Pressuregauges.............................................10.2,13.15.3Prestressedconcretecontainers

Containerstructure...............................................7.4.1Definition.......................3.3.5.5seealsoConcretecontainersProcessequipment........................................5.2.6,Chap.6Processplants.......seealsoImpoundingarea;SpillandleakcontrolFireprotection...............................................Chap.12Securitysystem.................................12.9,A.12.9,AnnexCSeismicdesign................................................AnnexBSiteprovisions...........................................5.1,5.2,A.5.1Processvaporizers..........................................seeVaporizersProtectiveclothing..............................12.8.1,12.8.2,A.12.8.1Pumps.................................................13.8.4.1,14.4.4(3)Constructionof.....................................................6.2Transfercontrol...................................................11.5Purging......................................................11.4,A.11.4.3Containers..........................................7.7,11.4,A.11.4.3Pipingsystems..............................................9.7,A.9.7.1StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers...........13.18.2.5

-P-Pipelines

Marinefacility........................................11.6.9to11.6.13Shippingandreceiving...........................................11.8Pipingsystem

Closuretime...........................................11.3.2,A.11.3.2Pipingsystemsandcomponents................................Chap.9Corrosioncontrol.........................................9.9,A.9.9.1Design.............................................7.2.1.3,9.1,A.9.1.3Fittings.............................................................9.2.3Identification/marking.................9.3.4,9.5,A.9.3.4(2),A.9.5Inspection...........................................................9.6Installation..............................................9.3,A.9.3.4(2)Insulation...........................................9.2.1.2(2),9.2.1.3Internal,betweeninnerandoutermetaltanks..............7.3.2.7,

13.3.1to13.3.3

Joints......................................................9.2.2.5,9.3.1Marinefacilities,systemsat...........11.6.8to11.6.13,11.6.17(1)Materials.............................................................9.2Purging.....................................................9.7,A.9.7.1Safetyandreliefvalves..............................................9.8StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers............13.8.4.2,

13.10.2,13.12.1,13.14

-R-Records..........................................................4.6,9.6.5Construction......................................................4.2.3Inspections.......................................................14.4.7Maintenance..........................................13.18.4.7,14.13Piping,testsof.....................................................9.6.2Training.......................................................13.18.5.4Referencedstandards.................................................1.6References.............................................Chap.2,AnnexERefrigerants

Storage.......................................................6.3,10.1.2Transfer.......................................................Chap.11Reliefdevices/valves.....7.8,A.7.8.5.3,A.7.8.7.3;seealsoStopvalvesASMEcontainers..........................13.3.12.2,13.4,13.15.3.3,

13.15.4to13.15.8,13.18.4.1(5),13.18.4.1(6),13.18.4.5(D)

Capacity.......................................................7.8.7.4Inspectionandtesting...............13.18.4.5(D),14.11.6,14.11.7Pipingsystems.......................................................9.8Vaporizers............................................................8.4Remoteheatedvaporizers.................................seeVaporizersRepairs.........................................13.13,13.18.4.4,14.10.2Retroactivityofstandard..............................................1.4

2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Not for Resale

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---59A–56PRODUCTION,STORAGE,ANDHANDLINGOFLIQUEFIEDNATURALGAS(LNG)

-S-Safeshutdownearthquake(SSE)...................7.2.2.2(1),7.2.2.3,

7.2.2.5to7.2.2.9,B.1,B.3

Safetydevices,out-of-service...............13.18.4.1(3),13.18.4.1(4)Safetyofpersonnel...................................................12.8Safetyvalves.....................................seeReliefdevices/valvesScopeofstandard..............................................1.1,A.1.1Securitysystems......................12.9,14.4.5(4),A.12.9,AnnexCEmployeetrainingfor.......................................AnnexDSeismicdesign

Containers...............................7.2.2,7.2.7.8,7.3.2.8(2)(a),

13.3.7,13.3.14,A.7.2.2.4

Pipingsystems.....................................................9.1.2Processplants.................................................AnnexBShall(definition).....................................................3.2.3Shippingandreceiving

LNGcontainers...................................................13.11Marine............................seeMarineshippingandreceivingPipelines............................................................11.8Should(definition)..................................................3.2.4Shutoffvalves

Pipingsystems.......................................9.3.2.3to9.3.2.8Vaporizers................................................8.3.5to8.3.8Singlecontainmentcontainers(definition).....................3.3.5.6Smokingprohibition.............................11.2.3,11.6.7,14.8.1.3Snow

Accumulationof...............................................13.15.8Falling................................................................5.6Loads,containerdesignfor......................................7.2.4Soilprotection,forcryogenicequipment....................5.5,A.5.5Spacing

Containers.........................................................5.2.4Loadingandunloadingfacilities................................5.2.7Processequipment................................................5.2.6Vaporizers..........................................................5.2.5Spillandleakcontrol..............................seealsoGasdetectorsLeaktesting..............................13.18.4.5(E)(1),14.11.8(1)Leaktesting,containers.............................13.10.2,13.12.1Siteprovisionsfor...................................................5.2StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers..............13.2.1,

13.5.4,13.8

Standard(definition)................................................3.2.5StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers,

requirementsfor.................................Chap.13

Containers..........................................................13.3Filling............................................................13.4Foundations.....................................................13.5Inspection.......................................................13.9Installation............................................13.6,A.13.6.6Instrumentation...............................................13.15Shipping........................................................13.11--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Supports.........................................................13.5Testing........................................13.10,13.12,13.13.3Weldingon.....................................................13.13Fireprotectionandsafety.......................................13.16Gasdetectors.....................................................13.17Lighting..........................................................13.2.7Operationsandmaintenance.....................13.18,A.13.18.3.2Piping.............................................................13.14Productretentionvalves..........................................13.7Sitepreparation.................................................13.2.1Spillcontainment..................................................13.8StationaryLNGstoragecontainers......................seeContainersStopvalves........................................7.8.4,13.15.6,13.15.7,

13.18.4.1(5),13.18.4.1(6),14.5.10

Storage,flammableliquidsandrefrigerants................6.3,10.1.2Structures...................................seeBuildingsandstructuresSupports

Containers.............................7.3.2.5,7.3.2.8,13.3.7,13.3.8,

13.3.14.3,13.5,14.5.6.1

Maintenance..............................................13.18.4.1(1)Pipingsystems.......................................................9.4

2006Edition

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

-T-Tankvehicles.....................................seeCargotankvehiclesTemperature

Indicators..................................................10.4,13.6.5Monitoringof...........................14.8.1.7,14.8.1.9,14.8.1.10Testing...................................................14.5.3(1),14.5.5Containers..............7.4.2.1(B),7.4.3,7.6,13.10,13.12,13.13.3Controlsystems.......................................13.18.4.5,14.11Piping................................................................9.6StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers..........13.18.4.1,

13.18.4.5

Thermalradiationdistances......................................5.2.3.3Thermalradiationflux...................................5.2.3.2,5.2.4.2Training,employee...............4.1,13.18.5,14.2.1,14.14,AnnexDPlans..........................................4.2,13.18.5.2,13.18.5.3Records.......................................................13.18.5.4Securitysystem...............................................AnnexDTransferoperations..............................11.6.15.1,11.6.15.2Transfer,LNGandrefrigerants...................Chap.11,14.4.5(3)Bulk.................................................................14.7Communications.................................................11.10Generalrequirements.............................................11.2Hosesandarms.........................................11.9,14.8.1.5Lighting.........................................................11.10.2Loadingandunloadingfacilities.................................11.7Marineshippingandreceiving...................11.6,11.6.15,14.6,

A.11.6.19,A.11.6.20

Pipelineshippingandreceiving.................................11.8Pipingsystem............................................11.3,A.11.3.2Pumpandcompressorcontrol...................................11.5Spacing.............................................................5.2.7StationaryapplicationsusingASMEcontainers..............13.6.9,

13.18.2.6,13.18.2.7

Tankvehicle/tankcar........................seeCargotankvehiclesTransferarea(definition)...............................3.3.22,A.3.3.22Transitionjoints..........................................9.2.2.5,9.3.1.4Definition........................................................3.3.23

-U-Undergroundcontainers....................13.6.3to13.6.6,14.12.4.1Unloadingfacilities................seeTransfer,LNGandrefrigerants

-V-Vacuumcontrol,containers....................7.8,A.7.8.5.3,A.7.8.7.3Vacuumgauges........................................................10.3Vacuum-jacketedequipment...................10.3,13.3.10,13.15.3.2Vacuumreliefsizing.................................................7.8.6Valves........................................seealsoReliefdevices/valvesCheck.............................................................11.3.4Extendedbonnet.......................9.3.2.1,9.3.2.2,13.14.1(10)Inlet................................................................8.3.4Isolation.................................7.8.4,11.3.1,11.3.2,11.6.11,

11.6.12,11.7.6to11.7.8,11.8.1,13.6.7,14.5.10,A.11.3.2

Marinetransfersystem...............................14.1.8,14.8.1.7Pipingsystem...............................................9.2.4,9.3.2Productretention.................................................13.7Shutoff...............................8.3.5to8.3.8,9.3.2.3to9.3.2.8Vacuumrelief(vacuumbreakers)..........7.8,A.7.8.5.3,A.7.8.7.3Vaporizers.........................................................Chap.8Ambient.............................5.2.5.4,8.1.1,8.1.2,8.3.7,8.4.2Definition...................................................3.3.24.1Classification........................................................8.1Combustionairsupply.............................................8.5Combustionproducts,accumulationof..........................8.6Designandconstructionmaterials......................8.2,A.8.2.1Emergencyshutdown.............................................10.5Heated.........................................................5.3.5(8)Classification............................................8.1.1,8.1.2Combustionairsupply..........................................8.5Definition...................................................3.3.24.2

Not for Resale

INDEX

Piping..................................................8.3.5to8.3.8Reliefdevices.....................................................8.4Spacing............................................5.2.5.2to5.2.5.5Indicators/gauges...............................................10.4.1Inspection................................................8.2.1,A.8.2.1Integralheated........................................5.2.5.2,8.5,8.6Definition.................................................3.3.24.2.1Pipingandstorage..................................................8.3Portableequipment................................5.3.5(7),5.3.5(8)Process.......................................5.2.5.1(B),5.2.5.4,8.4.1Definition...................................................3.3.24.3Reliefdevices........................................................8.4Remoteheated..........5.2.5.3,5.2.5.4,8.1.1,8.1.2,8.3.8,8.5,8.6Definition.................................................3.3.24.2.2

59A–57

Shutoffvalves............................................8.3.5to8.3.8Spacingof.........................................................5.2.5Ventilation,buildingsandstructures...............................5.3.3

-W-Watercapacity(definition)........................................3.3.25Waterspraysystem.............................................5.2.4.2(B)Watersystems,fireprotection.........................5.2.4.2(B),12.5,

13.18.4.5(C)(2),14.11.4(2)

Welding

ASMEcontainers.................................................13.13Asignitionsource.............................11.2.2,11.6.6,14.8.1.3Pipes,welded...............................................9.3.3,9.6.3Windloads,containerdesignfor...................................7.2.4

Cou/D123456Copyright National Fire Protection Association Provided by IHS under license with NFPA

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

08070605Not for Resale

---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--2006Edition

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Not for Resale

--`,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Not for Resale

---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,```,,`--

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