考点08 完形填空说明文(解析版)

考点08 完形填空说明文

Passage1（2020·江苏高三期中）

What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the word “culture”？ Do you think of different groups of people across the world with various 1 and clothing? What about animals?

Sam Williams,executive director of the Macaw(金刚鹦鹉）Recovery Network in Costa Rica, helps to 2 the impact of the decline of macaw populations by taking birds that were born 3 and releasing them into the wild. But this process is very 4 ＂In a cage,you can't 5 them to know where,when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites,\" Williams told ecologist and writer Carl Safina for the Guardian. In the wild, the parents would be the ones to teach them this important 6

This type of knowledge is known as cultural knowledge. Cultural knowledge can be 7 from the older generation to the newer one. For many species,cultural knowledge is necessary for 8

Culture helps animals to 9 different habitats.For example,some crows(乌鸦）have learned to put nuts in the middle of the road for cars to drive over. And in other areas, they have learned to do this at intersections so they can 10 get the food when the cars stop at red lights.

Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity, using

different tools,taking different 11 routes and using different socializing methods.

These traditions can especially be seen in chimpanzee communities. Cat Hobaiter,who studies chimpanzees in Uganda,said:\"It's not just the 12 of populations of chimps that worries me.I find 13 the possibility of losing each population's unique culture. That's permanent.”

Culture isn't just for 14 .Culture is also an important part of life in the wild from using tools to 15 . 1．A．communities B．zones C．traditions D．divisions

2．A．squeeze B．reduce C．wrestle D．delete

3．A．encaged B．enlarged C．encouraged D．ensured

4．A．tentative B．slow C．lame D．abrupt

5．A．elect B．swap C．assess D．train

6．A．brochure B．seminar C．framework D．information

7．A．passed down B．taken up C．followed up D．put together

8．A．management B．survival C．currency D．cooperation

9．A．cater to B．push for C．adapt to D．dive in

10．A．safely B．desperately C．surprisingly D．hopefully

11．A．irrigation B．migration C．suspension D．collision

12．A．loss B．dilemma C．adjustment D．prevention

13．A．enterprising B．flexible C．artificial D．terrifying

14．A．animals B．plants C．humans D．nails

15．A．refreshing B．weeping C．negotiating D．socializing

【答案】

1．C2．B3．A4．B5．D6．D7．A8．B9．C10．A

11．B12．A13．D14．C15．D

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。短文说明了文化与传承对于野生动物的重要性，动物在进化中适应环境产生了不同的文化，这也帮助他们能更好的生存下去。

【详解】

1.考查名词词义辨析。句意：你认为世界上不同的民族有不同的传统和服装吗?A.communities社区； B.zones空间；C.traditions传统； D.divisions分支。根据前文讲到文化可知，此处是讲不同的传统和服装。故选C。

2.考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sam Williams是哥斯达黎加金刚鹦鹉恢复网络的执行主任，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响，方法是将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外。A.squeeze挤压； B.reduce减少； C.wrestle缠绕； D.delete删除。根据“ by taking birds that were born 3 and releasing them into the wild.”可知，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响。故选B。

3.考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sam Williams是哥斯达黎加金刚鹦鹉恢复网络的执行主任，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响，方法是将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外。A.encaged关进笼子； B.enlarged扩大； C.encouraged鼓励； D.ensured保证。他做的努力是把出生在笼子里的鸟儿放归大自然。我们继续往下看文章发现下一段的第一句话in a cage，you can't......所以显然我们推断出他是把出生在笼子里的鸟儿放回自然，所以此处选择encaged。故选A。

4.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这个过程非常缓慢。A.tentative实验性的； B.slow缓慢的； C.lame瘸的； D.abrupt突然的。从下文可以看出，因为缺乏亲生父母的教导，这个过程非常的困难、非常艰辛，所以此处选择slow。故选B。

5.考查动词词义辨析。句意：在笼子里，你无法训练它们知道在哪里、何时以及如何找到食物，也无法训练它们找到有好的筑巢地点的树。A.elect选举； B.swap交换； C.assess评价； D.train训练。根据“know where,when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites”可知，将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外需要训练。故选D。

6.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在野外，父母会教给孩子这些重要的信息。A.brochure手册；

B.seminar讨论会； C.framework框架； D.information信息。此处是指前文提到的“在哪里、何时以及如何找到食物”、“有好的筑巢地点的树”，这些都是信息。故选D。

7.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：文化知识可以从老一辈传给下一代。A.passed down传递； B。taken up占据； C.followed up跟随； D.put together组装。根据“from the older generation to the newer one”可知，此处是讲文化知识可以从老一辈传给下一代。故选A。

8.考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于许多物种来说，文化知识是生存所必需的。A.management管理； B.survival生存； C.currency货币； D.cooperation合作。从上文的食物和筑巢中不难推测出，这些知识至关重要以至于没有了它们甚至无法存活的。故选B。

9.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：文化帮助动物适应不同的栖息地。A.cater to迎合； B.push for奋力争取； C.adapt to适应； D.dive in潜入。根据后文讲乌鸦在不同的地区做出相应的行为来适应环境可知，此处是讲文化帮助动物适应不同的栖息地。故选C。

10.考查副词词义辨析。句意：在其他地区，他们已经学会在十字路口这样做，这样当汽车红灯时，他们可以安全地拿到食物。A.safely安全地； B.desperately不顾一切地； C.surprisingly惊讶地； D.hopefully有希望地。根据前文提到乌鸦把坚果放在路中间是为了让车停下可知，这样就能安全地获得食物。故选A。

11.考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化知识的其他重要部分包括群体认同、使用不同的工具、采取不同的迁移路线和使用不同的社交方法。A.irrigation灌溉； B.migration迁徙； C.suspension暂停； D.collision碰撞。这里讲的动物们的习惯，并且后面有routes，显然会想到迁移路线migration routes。故选B。

12.考查名词词义辨析。句意：让我担心的不仅仅是黑猩猩数量的减少。A.loss损失； B.dilemma窘境； C.adjustment调整； D.prevention阻止。下一句话中的losing each population's unique culture暗示了上一句话空格处是loss of populations。此处需要注意前后文的呼应。故选A。

13.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我发现失去每个民族独特的文化是可怕的。A.enterprising有事业心的； B.flexible灵活的； C.artificial人造的 ；D.terrifying令人恐惧的。作者发现失去每个民族独特的文化是可怕的。故选D。

14.考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化不仅仅是人类的。A.animals动物； B.plants食物； C.humans人类； D.nails钉子。空格后一句说，文化也是野生动物的。所以空格前面与之对应应该选择humans。故选C。

15.考查动词词义辨析。句意：从使用工具到社交，文化也是野外生活的重要组成部分。A.refreshing更新； B.weeping哭泣； C.negotiating协商； D.socializing社交。根据前文讲乌鸦使用工具和动物的群体认同（Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity）可知，此处是讲从使用工具到社交。故选D。

Passage2（2020·江苏相城·高三月考）

（2020·江苏省镇江中学高三期中） Janela, a judge for Guinness World Records (GWR), says it was the most fun he’s had since joining the GWR organization in 2009. As a judge, Janela has traveled the globe 16 record- setting events. He has dealt with everything 17 the largest number of people making sandwiches at the same time.

Each year, Janela judges between 15 and 20 18 . Of course, Janela’s job isn’t all

19 and games. “To become a Guinness World Records 20 , I had to receive several months of 21 and take tests,” he says. “To do well in this role, you need a real depth of 22 - from food to sports - because you can 23 anything.

Then there’s the record tracking. There are more than 50,000 Guinness World Records entries in the organization’s database. Each week, more than 1,000 24 are received from people 25 to break an exciting record or establish a new world record category.

As the U.S. content manager for GWR, Janela works with a team of 10 26 researching records, establishing rules for new records and organizing record categories.

As 27 as it can be to see new world records set, the biggest 28 to Janela’s job is being factual and fair.

“Sometimes it’s 29 to see a person or group trying hard to break a record but not coming close,” he says. “But remaining 30 is always our No. 1 goal in record keeping.”

16．A．witnessing B．sponsoring C．supporting D．attending

17．A．about B．like C．except D．with

18．A．sports B．items C．accidents D．events

19．A．satisfaction B．success C．fun D．luck

20．A．organizer B．player C．researcher D．judge

21．A．meeting B．training C．separation D．competition

22．A．exercise B．courage C．wealth D．knowledge

23．A．observe B．catch C．win D．find

24．A．records B．applications C．opinions D．suggestions

25．A．managing B．choosing C．hoping D．promising

26．A．anxious about B．interested in C．proud of D．responsible for

27．A．exciting B．strange C．easy D．difficult

28．A．doubt B．advantage C．challenge D．progress

29．A．convenient B．hard C．important D．fair

30．A．objective B．practical C．patient D．honest

【答案】

16．A17．B18．D19．C20．D21．B

22．D23．A24．B25．C26．D27．A28．C29．B30．A

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了吉尼斯世界纪录大全的一名评委Janela以及他的工作。

16．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为一名评委，Janela周游世界，见证了创纪录的事件。A. witnessing目击，亲眼所见；B. sponsoring赞助，发起；C. supporting支持；D. attending出席。根据句意可知，Janela作为一名评委，“见证”了吉尼斯破纪录的事件，合乎逻辑。故选A项。

17．

考查介词词义辨析。句意：他处理所有的事情比如最多的人同时做三明治。A. about关于；B. like比如，例如；C. except除……以外；D. with和……一起。下文“the largest number of people making sandwiches at the same time”是对前文everything举的一个例子，like“比如”，符合句意。故选B项。

18．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：每年，Janela 评判15到20个创纪录的事件。A. sports运动；B. items物件；C. accidents事故；D. events赛事、事件。上文中的 record- setting events原词复现。故选D项。

19．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，Janela 的工作并不都是娱乐和游戏。A. satisfaction满意；B.

success成功；C. fun趣味；D. luck幸运。根据上文“…says it was the most fun he’s had…”可知吉尼斯世界纪录充满了乐趣，此处不完全否定，“并不全是娱乐和游戏”，符合句意。故选C项。

20．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：“为了成为一名最高吉尼斯世界纪录大全评委，我必须接受几个月的培训和考试。”A. organizer组织者；B. player运动员；C. researcher研究者；D. judge裁判，评委。文章开头已经介绍“Janela, a judge for Guinness World Records (GWR)…”，Janela是一名评委，可知此处是“为了做评委”。故选D项。

21．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：“为了成为一名最高吉尼斯世界纪录大全评委，我必须接受几个月的培训和考试。”A. meeting会议；B. training训练；C. separation分离；D. competition竞赛。由前文receive several months及后文take tests，可知，要做评委工作，需要接受“培训”。故选B项。

22．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：要做好这个角色，你需要真正的知识深度——从食物到运动——因为你可以观察任何事情。A. exercise练习；B. courage勇气；C. wealth财富；D. knowledge知识。根据后文“- from food to sports - because you can___8___ anything”可知，纪录项目五花八门，丰富多彩，做评委需要渊博的“知识”。故选D项。

23．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：要做好这个角色，你需要真正的知识深度——从食物到运动——因为

你可以观察任何事情。A. observe观察；B. catch抓住；C. win赢；D. find找到，发现。因为评委工作的特点是观察评价，所以应用“observe”。故选A项。

24．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：每周都会收到超过1000份申请，希望打破令人兴奋的纪录或者创造新的世界纪录。A. records记录；B. applications申请；C. opinions观点，意见；D. suggestions建议。根据常识，要参加大赛，需要先申请，后参加。故选B项。

25．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：每周都会收到超过1000份申请，希望打破令人兴奋的纪录或者创造新的世界纪录。A. managing设法做到；B. choosing选择；C. hoping希望；D. promising许诺。根据前文“Each week, more than 1,000___9___ are received from people”和后文“to break an exciting record or establish a new world record category.”可知，许多参加的人都带着破纪录的“希望”。故选C项。

26．

考查形容词短语辨析。句意：作为 吉尼斯世界纪录大全 的美国大区经理，Janela 和一个10人的团队一起工作，负责研究记录，建立新记录的规则和组织记录分类。A. anxious about对……焦虑；B. interested in对……感兴趣；C. proud of以……骄傲；D. responsible for对 ……负责。根据前文“As the U.S. content manager for GWR”，可知后文是Janela及其团队“负责”的工作。故选D项。

27．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管创造新的世界纪录令人兴奋，但Janela工作面临的最大挑战是如何做到真实和公正。A. exciting激动人心的；B. strange奇怪的，陌生的；C. easy容易的；D. difficult困难的。根据常识，创造新的世界纪录是令人兴奋的，另据转折语气，可知应用褒义词。故选A项。

28．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管创造新的世界纪录令人兴奋，但Janela工作面临的最大挑战是如何做到真实和公正。A. doubt怀疑；B. advantage优点；C. challenge挑战；D. progress进步。根据语义转折以及后文“Janela’s job is being factual and fair”，可知Janela工作也具有“挑战性”。故选C项。

29．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有时候，看到一个人或一群人努力想要打破一个记录，但是没有接近纪录，真是于心不忍。A. convenient方便的；B. hard困难的，难以忍受的，残酷无情的；C. important重要的；D. fair公平的。看到人们为了破纪录尽力拼搏，而以失败告终，评委也难以忍受。故选B项。

30．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是保持客观终是我们记录保存的首要目标。A. objective客观的；B. practical实践的；C. patient耐心的；D. honest诚实的。虽然，看到人们为创纪录拼搏却失败，于心不忍，但是也要保持客观公正。故选A项。

Passage3 （2020·上海市延安中学高三期中）

Do you remember how you felt the first time you rode bike? What about your first

heartbreak? 31 moments and the emotions they arouse can resonate in our minds for decades, powerfully shaping who we are as individuals. But for those who experience severe trauma(创伤), such painful memories can leave people with life-changing mental conditions. So, what if traumatic memories did not have to cause so much 32 ? For now, the work is happening in mice.

Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram---a physical change in brain tissue 33 a particular recollection. While at MIT in 2013, Steve Ramirez of Boston University and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that 34 one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work, mice 35 in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance.

In their current work, Ramirez and his colleagues are investigating whether 36 memories can be “overwritten” by positive ones. In their experiments, positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female ones for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. After a surgical operation on the mice, the researchers find that 37 positive memories while mouse is in a cage makes it less fearful. They think that this memory “retraining\"may be helping to 38 some of the mouse's trauma. 39 , it is unclear whether those original fear memories are completely lost or just suppressed(抑制).

40 Ramirez’s team stresses that their work in mice is preliminary(初步的), they see treatment potential for humans down the road. Those suffering from PTSD or depression could have their memories 41 , for instance, so that they don't have a strong 42

response to painful recollections.

If it’s one day possible to alter human memory, who should be allowed to receive that treatment? And would the 43 system be at a disadvantage if key witnesses and victims cannot remember a crime? These are questions New York University bioethicist Arthur Caplan says are worth thinking about before the technology is ready for human clinical settings.

As neuroscientists progress with their research, they say these 44 issues are being taken into account. Ramirez sees the idea of 45 memories as neither good nor bad. Like water, it just depends on how you use it.

31．A．Forgettable B．Memorable C．Sustainable D．Believable

32．A．fruit B．difference C．pain D．movement

33．A．associated with B．exchanged for C．sentenced to D．deprived of

34．A．put off B．pick up C．turn on D．make up

35．A．reacted B．hurried C．stunned D．resolved

36．A．short-term B．negative C．enjoyable D．reliable

37．A．deleting B．decreasing C．activating D．pausing

38．A．recreate B．eliminate C．liberate D．memorize

39．A．Therefore B．Besides C．Indeed D．However

40．A．Since B．Unless C．Until D．While

41．A．removed B．strengthened C．altered D．stimulated

42．A．emotional B．physical C．controversial D．mechanical

43．A．immune B．justice C．medical D．commerce

44．A．mental B．ethical C．criminal D．equality

45．A．killing B．multiplying C．controlling D．justifying

【答案】

31．B32．C33．A34．D35．A36．B37．C38．B39．D

40．D41．C42．A43．B44．B45．C

【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了神经科学家们在老鼠身上做实验，看是否可以改变大脑中有关痛苦的那些记忆，且该实验已经取得初步效果。

31．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那些记忆深刻的时刻和他们激起的情感可以几十年在我们的头脑中产生共鸣，塑造着我们是谁。A.Forgettable 忘记了的；B. Memorable记忆深刻的； C.Sustainable可持续的； D. Believable 可以相信的。根据上句“Do you remember how you felt the first time you rode bike?”（作者问第一次骑车的时候）可知，作者在讲过去的记忆。故选B。

32．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果这些创伤不会造成如此多的伤害，那会怎么样呢？A.fruit 水果；B.difference不同，影响； C.pain 痛苦； D.movement运动。根据上句“such painful memories can leave people with life-changing mental conditions.（这些痛苦的记忆会给人们带来改变生活的精神状况。）“创伤”应该是痛苦的经历，所以会造成“痛苦”。 故选C。

33．

考查动词短语辨析。句意：神经系统科学家通常定义一个记忆为“一个印迹符号”--在大脑组织中的和一个特定的记忆有关的物理改变。A.associated with 和...有关；B.exchanged for交换； C.sentenced to 判刑；D.deprived of剥夺。“ define a singular memory as ”本句解释的是“memory”的定义，recllection是它的近义词，因此应该是“和它相关的”。故选A。

34．

考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们能够瞄准那个构成记忆符号的细胞，然后植入一个虚假的记忆。A.put off 推迟；B.pick up 捡起；C. turn on打开； D.make up构成。根据“a physical change in brain tissue 3 a particular recollection. ”（科学家对“engram”的定义）可知，那个细胞储存着记忆，构成了记忆符号。故选D。

35．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：在他们的工作中，老鼠会对某个特定的刺激作出惊恐的反应，即使当它们提前没有遭遇到这种情况。A. reacted 反应；B.hurried 匆忙； C.stunned 震惊； D.resolved 决心。根据“They were able to target the cells that 4 one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. ”（科学家们在做研究，“往它们体内植入虚假的记忆”），所以应该是老鼠对此作出反应。故选A。

36．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在他们当前的工作中，他和同事正在调查是否这些消极的记忆可以被积极的记忆改写。A.short-term 长期的；B.negative 消极的；C.enjoyable 快乐的；D.reliable可靠的。根据后文的“ be “overwritten” by positive ones”可知，本空应该是它的反义词。故选B。

37．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：在对老鼠进行外科手术之后科学家们发现，当老鼠在笼子里的时候激活那些积极的记忆会让它不再那么恐惧。A.deleting 删除；B.decreasing 减少；C.activating 激活； D.pausing暂停。根据“positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female ones for an hour”，（科学家们对老鼠输入了积极的记忆），所以推测本句指“激活”这些积极记忆。故选C。

38．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们认为这种记忆的“重新训练”有助于去除掉老鼠的一些创伤。A.recreate重新创造； B.eliminate消除； C.liberate ；D.memorize记住。根据下文，“it is

unclear whether those original fear memories are completely lost or just suppressed”（不知这些原始恐惧是否完全消失）可知，本句指这样做可以“消除”掉一些创伤。故选B。

39．

考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，是否这些原始的恐惧记忆完全消除或抑制是不清楚的。A.Therefore 因此；B.Besides 另外；C.Indeed 实际上；D.However然而。根据上文“They think that this memory “retraining\"may be helping to 8 some of the mouse's trauma. ”，这样做有助于消除恐惧记忆，下句又讲“能否完全消除还不清楚”，因此两句之间是转折关系。故选D。

40．

考查连词词义辨析。句意：尽管他们的团队强调他们在老鼠身上的成果只是初步的，但是他们也看到了在这条路上为人类治疗的潜力。A.Since因为； B.Unless 除非；C.Until 直到；D.While然而。根据从句中“preliminary(初步的)”一词，及主句中“潜力”一词，可推出主从句之间为转折关系。故选D。

41．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，那些遭受抑郁的人们就可以让他们的记忆被转换，以致于他们对痛苦的经历没有一种强烈的反应。A.removed 移除；B.strengthened 加强；C.altered 转换；D.stimulated刺激。根据“Ramirez’s team stresses that their work in mice is preliminary(初步的), they see treatment potential for humans down the road”，“科学家们在对老鼠做实验的成效中，看到了人类治疗的潜能”，所以本句是这种“潜能”应用的例子，就是可以转换人的记忆。故选C。

42．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，那些遭受抑郁的人们就可以让他们的记忆被转换，以致于他们对痛苦的经历没有一种强烈的反应。A.emotional 情感的；B.physical 身体的C.controversial 传统的；D.mechanical机械的；本空修饰“response to painful recollection”’（人对痛苦回忆的反应），这种反应应该是“情感上的”。故选A。

43．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果关键的证人和受害者不能记得犯罪事件，那么执法系统会处于不利地位吗? A.immune 免疫的；B.justice 公正的，正义，执法制度；C.medical 医疗的；D.commerce商业。根据 “system be at a disadvantage if key witnesses and victims cannot remember a crime? ”意思，证人和受害者不记得犯罪事件后，那么“执法部门”就无法找到确切的犯罪证据。故选B。

44．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：伴随着神经科学家们的研究进展，他们说这些道德上的问题也正在被考虑中。A.mental 精神的；B.ethical 道德上的，伦理的 ；C.criminal 罪犯的；D.equality平等性。根据“These are questions New York University bioethicist Arthur Caplan says are worth thinking about ”作者提出，如果这种技术应用在人身上后，会出现的各种问题可知，这些问题都属于“道德”方面的。故选B。

45．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：Ramirez认为这种控制记忆的想法既不是好的，也不是坏的，这取决

于你怎样使用它。A.killing 杀害；B.multiplying 繁殖；C.controlling控制；D.justifying证明...合法，辩护。根据“memories can be “overwritten” by positive ones”可知，本文主要讲“改变人的记忆”的问题，所以这里应该是“控制记忆”。故选C。

Passage4 （2020·上海杨浦·高三期中）

Trackers on Ice

Just because a scientist puts a GPS tracking collar on a wild polar bear does not mean the animal will willingly keep it on. 46 , these huge collars are purposefully loose so that if one becomes annoying, a bear can 47 it. But scientists have now found a way to use signals from the discarded(丢弃的)devices.

“These dropped collars 48 would have been considered garbage data,” says Natasha Klappstein, a polar bear researcher at the University of Alberta. She and her colleagues instead used 49 from such collars, left on sea ice in Canada's Hudson Bay, to track the ice itself. For their study, published in June in The Cryosphere, the researchers 50 twenty collars that sent movement data consistent(与······一致的)with ice drift rather than polar bear 51 between 2005 and 2015. The resulting records of how melting ice typically drifts in Hudson Bay are unique; there are no easily 52 on-the-ground sensors, and satellite observations often cannot 53 capture the motion of small ice sheets.

The team compared the discarded collars' movements with widely used ice-drift

modeling data from the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). Collar data indicated that the NSIDC model underestimates the speed at which ice moves around in Hudson

Bay--as well as the overall 54 of drift. Over the course of several months the model

could drift away from an ice sheet's location by a few hundred kilometers, the researchers say.

This means the bears may be working harder, when moving against the direction of the ice, than scientists had 55 .“Since we're underestimating the speed of drift, we're likely underestimating the energetic effort of polar bears,\" says Natasha Klappstein. The research reveals 56 insight (洞悉) into how highly mobile ice moves. As melting increases in coming years, such ice will likely become more 57 farther north, in the central Arctic. Scientists had known NSIDC data could underestimate drift speeds, but “any time we can find a data 58 ,it is a good thing.”

Plus,such data could improve predictions about how oil spills or other pollutants may spread in seas 59 with drifting ice, says Walt Meier, a senior NSIDC research scientist,who was not involved in the study. The findings may even 60 future NSIDC models. “It's a really nice data set,” Meier says.\"And certainly one we’ll take consideration.

46．A．In fact B．In a way C．In addition D．In the end

47．A．destroy B．remove C．resist D．reject

48．A．particularly B．relevantly C．intentionally D．potentially

49．A．estimates B．subjects C．measurements D．patents

50．A．displayed B．identified C．justified D．preserved

51．A．behavior B．habitat C．manner D．motion

52．A．flexible B．favorable C．accessible D．changeable

53．A．internally B．accurately C．securely D．independently

54．A．extent B．damage C．trend D．limit

55．A．agreed B．promised C．proved D．assumed

56．A．immediate B．superior C．entire D．timely

57．A．evident B．unique C．common D．realistic

58．A．gap B．scan C．boom D．fit

59．A．replaced B．littered C．packed D．matched

60．A．reverse B．resemble C．influence D．motivate

【答案】

46．A47．B48．D49．C50．B51．D52．C53．B

54．A55．D56．D57．C58．A59．B60．C

【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。介绍了科学家通过被丢弃的项圈获得数据来研究北极冰的移动。

46．

考查介词短语辨析。句意：事实上，这些巨大的项圈是故意松开的，如果一个项圈让熊觉得讨厌，熊可能会把它取下来。A. In fact事实上；B. In a way某种程度上；C. In addition另外；D. In the end最后。根据上下文可知，科学家将GPS跟踪项圈放在野生北极熊身上，并不意味着北极熊会愿意继续使用它。后文表示实际情况，项圈是故意松开的，可以被北极熊摘下的。故选A项。

47．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，这些巨大的项圈是故意松开的，这样如果一个项圈让熊觉得讨厌，熊可能会把它取下来。A. destroy摧毁；B. remove移掉，脱下，摘下；C. resist抵抗，抵制；D. reject拒绝。此处表示北极熊不愿带项圈时，项圈是可以被北极熊摘下的。故选B项。

48．

考查副词词义辨析。句意：“这些掉下来的项圈很有可能被认为是垃圾数据，”阿尔伯塔大学的北极熊研究人员娜塔莎·克拉普斯坦说。A. particularly尤其；B. relevantly相关地；C. intentionally有意地；D. potentially有可能地。根据上文语境，由于项圈可以被松开，因此，这部分掉下来的项圈很有可能被认为是垃圾数据。故选D项。

49．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，她和她的同事利用遗留在加拿大哈德逊湾的冰块上留下的项圈上的测量数据来追踪冰块本身。A. estimates估计；B. subjects主题；C. measurements测量数据；D. patents专利。与上文garbage data呼应，根据本句中“from such collars”可知，在项圈上的应该是测量数据。故选C项。

50．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：在六月份发表在《冰冻圈》上的研究中，研究人员鉴定了20个项圈，它们在2005年到2015年之间发送的运动数据与冰层漂移而不是与北极熊的运动一致。A. displayed展示；B. identified识别，鉴定；C. justified证明合法；D. preserved保护。此处是出于研究目的，从四个选项来看只有identified最符合搭配。故选B项。

51．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：在六月份发表在《冰冻圈》上的研究中，研究人员鉴定了20个项圈，它们在2005年到2015年之间发送的运动数据与冰层漂移而不是与北极熊的运动一致。A. behavior行为；B. habitat栖息地；C. manner方式、礼仪；D. motion运动。本题为单词复现题。第8空所在的句子“and satellite observations often cannot accurately capture the motion of small ice sheets”中出现了motion。故选D项。

52．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关于融化的冰如何在哈德逊湾典型漂移的结果记录是独特的：地面传感器不易探测，卫星观测常常无法准确捕捉小冰原的运动。A. flexible灵活的；B. favorable赞许的；C. accessible易接近的、可理解的；D. changeable可改变的。根据“often cannot”及“no easily”

可知，此处表示无法探测地面传感器。故选C项。

53．

考查副词词义辨析。句意：关于融化的冰如何在哈德逊湾典型漂移的结果记录是独特的：地面传感器不易探测，卫星观测常常无法准确捕捉小冰原的运动。A. internally内部地；B. accurately精确地；C. securely安全地；D. independently地。根据“capture the motion of small ice sheets”及“no easily”可知，此处表示无法精确捕捉小冰原的运动。故选B项。

54．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：项圈数据表明，NSIDC模型低估了哈德逊湾海冰移动的速度——以及漂移的总体范围。A. extent范围；B. damage毁坏；C. trend趋势；D. limit。根据下文“Over the course of several months the model could drift away from an ice sheet's location by a few hundred kilometers”可知，此处指总体的漂移范围。故选A项。

55．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：这意味着北极熊在逆冰移动的时候可能比科学家们想象的更加努力。A. agreed同意；B. promised保证；C. proved证明；D. assumed设想，假设。根据后文的“underestimating”可知，此处表示科学家的设想。故选D项。

56．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这项研究及时地揭示了高速移动的冰是如何移动的。A. immediate立刻的；B. superior更好的，上级的；C. entire 整体的；D. timely及时的。从文章后面对于近年冰

盖变化的描述来看，此处是表达科学家对于冰盖漂移发现的及时性。故选D项。

57．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于冰川融化在未来几年会增加，这样的冰块在更北边的地方可能会变得更常见。A. evident清晰可见的；B. unique独一无二的；C. common 普通的，常见的；D. realistic现实的。根据“As melting increases in coming years”推测，这样的冰块在北方更为常见。故选C项。

58．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：科学家们已经知道NSIDC的数据可能会低估漂移速度，但“任何时候我们都能发现数据缺口，这是一件好事。”A. gap缺口；B. scan扫描；C. boom（贸易和经济活动的）激增；D. fit（癫痫等的）突发，发作。根据“NSIDC data could underestimate drift speeds”和“it is a good thing.”可知，这里指发现数据缺口。故选A项。

59．

考查过去分词词义辨析。句意：此外，未参与这项研究的NSIDC资深研究科学家Walt Meier说：“这些数据可以改善对溢油或其他污染物如何在满是浮冰的海洋中扩散的预测。”A. replaced被替换的；B. littered散放的；C. packed被打包的；D. matched被配对的。此处“littered with drifting ice”修饰“ocean”，为过去分词作后置定语，意思为：满是浮冰的。故选B项。

60．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：这样的发现甚至也许会影响未来的NSIDC模型。A. reverse逆转；B.

resemble类似，像；C. influence影响；D. motivate激励。上文有提到模型和实际的差距，因此这项研究只能影响到新的模型，做出调整和改进。故选C项。

Passage5（2020·上海市向明中学高三期中）

Just as there are a variety of technologies available in conventional vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles (also known as electric cars or EVs) have different capabilities that can 61 different drivers’ needs. A major 62 of EVs is that drivers can plug them in to charge from an off-board electric power source. This distinguishes them from hybrid electric vehicles, which 63 an internal combustion engine with battery power but cannot be plugged in.

There are two basic types of EVs: all-electric vehicles (AEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). AEVs include Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). charging from the electrical grid, both types are charged in part by 65 braking, which generates electricity from some of the energy normally 66 when braking. Which type of vehicle will fit your lifestyle 67 your needs and driving habits.

All-electric vehicles (AEVs) run only on electricity. Most have all-electric ranges of 80 to 100 miles, 68 a few luxury models have ranges up to 250 miles. When the battery is 69 , it can take from 30 minutes (with fast charging) up to nearly a full day (with Level 1 charging) to recharge it, depending on the type of charger and battery.

If this range is not 70 , a plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) may be a better

choice. PHEVs run on electricity for shorter ranges (6 to 40 miles), then 71 over to an internal combustion engine running on gasoline when the battery is depleted. The 72

of PHEVs allows drivers to use electricity as often as possible while also being able to fuel up with gasoline if needed. Apart from reducing tailpipe emissions, powering the vehicle with electricity from the grid, compared with conventional vehicles, 73 fuel costs. When driving distances are longer than the all-electric range, PHEVs act like hybrid electric vehicles, consuming less fuel and producing fewer emissions than similar conventional vehicles. Depending on the model, the internal combustion engine may also power the vehicle at other times, such as during rapid acceleration or when using heating or air conditioning. PHEVs could also use hydrogen in a fuel cell, biofuels, or other alternative fuels as a back-up 74 gasoline.

Following some best practices can help you 75 your all-electric range and vehicle efficiency whether you have an AEV or PHEV.

61．A．determine B．accommodate C．guarantee D．specify

62．A．species B．recommendation C．feature D．outlook

63．A．compare B．supplement C．compete D．offer

．A．in addition to B．except for C．rather than D．in spite of

65．A．modern B．economical C．particular D．regenerative

66．A．lost B．produced C．invented D．demonstrated

67．A．reflects on B．depends on C．gets rid of D．results from

68．A．because B．therefore 69．A．charged B．operated 70．A．conventional B．stable 71．A．promote B．switch 72．A．flexibility B．innovation 73．A．increases B．deposits 74．A．as well as B．more than 75．A．maximize B．shrink 【答案】

61．B62．C63．B．A65．D

66．A67．B68．D69．C70．C

71．B72．A73．D74．D75．A

【分析】

C．otherwise D．while

C．exhausted D．regulated

C．sufficient D．productive

C．replace D．exploit

C．inspiration D．dominance

C．compensates D．reduces

C．except for D．instead of

C．expand D．minimize

本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了两种不同的电动汽车——全电动汽车(AEVs)和插电式混合动力汽车(PHEVs)。

61．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：就像在传统汽车上有各种各样的技术一样，插入式电动汽车(也称为电动汽车或EVs)也有不同的功能，可以适应不同驾驶者的需求。A. determine决定；B. accommodate使适应；C. guarantee保证；D. specify阐述。根据“ plug-in electric vehicles (also known as electric cars or EVs) have different capabilities ”可知，不同的功能是适应不同驾驶者的需求。故选B。

62．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：电动汽车的一个主要特点是，驾驶者可以将电动汽车插在车外电源上充电。A. species物种；B. recommendation推荐；C. feature特点；D. outlook前景。根据“ that drivers can plug them in to charge from an off-board electric power source. ”可知，这里介绍电动汽车的特点。故选C。

63．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：这就区别于混合动力汽车，混合动力汽车用电池作为内燃机的补充，但不能插入电源。A. compare比较；B. supplement补充；C. compete竞争；D. offer提供。电池只是混合动力汽车内燃机的一种补充。故选B。

．

考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：除了从电网充电外，这两种充电方式都部分通过再生制动来充电，

即利用制动时通常损耗的部分能量来发电。A. in addition to除……之外；B. except for要不是；C. rather than而不是；D. in spite of尽管。根据“both types are charged in part by ____5____ braking,”可知，除了从电网充电外，另外两种充电方式都部分通过再生制动来充电的。故选A。

65．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：除了从电网充电外，这两种充电方式都部分通过再生制动来充电，即利用制动时通常损耗的部分能量来发电。A. modern现代的；B. economical经济的；C. particular特别的；D. regenerative再生的。根据“which generates electricity from some of the energy normally____6____ when braking. ”可知，，这两种充电方式都部分通过再生制动来充电。故选D。

66．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：除了从电网充电外，这两种充电方式都部分通过再生制动来充电，即利用制动时通常损耗的部分能量来发电。A. lost失去；B. produced生产；C. invented发明；D. demonstrated证明。这里指刹车时，通过利用损失的部分能量中产生电能来发电。故选A。

67．

考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：哪种类型的车适合你的生活方式取决于你的需要和驾驶习惯。A. reflects on反思；B. depends on依靠；取决于；C. gets rid of除去；D. results from起因于。选取哪种车取决于驾驶者的需要和驾驶习惯。故选B。

68．

考查连词或副词词义辨析。句意：大多数车型的全电动续航里程为80至100英里，少数豪华车型

的续航里程可达250英里。A. because因为；B. therefore因此；C. otherwise否则；D. while然而。这里前后位对比关系，所以用连词while。故选D。

69．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：电池用完后，根据充电器和电池的类型，可以用30分钟(快速充电)到将近一整天(1级充电)的时间来充电。A. charged负责；B. operated操作；C. exhausted耗尽；D. regulated管理。根据后句“it can take from 30 minutes (with fast charging) up to nearly a full day (with Level 1 charging) to recharge it, depending on the type of charger and battery.”谈论充电可知，这里指汽车电池电量耗尽。故选C。

70．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果这个范围不够，插电式电动汽车(PHEV)可能是更好的选择。A. conventional传统的；B. stable稳定的；C. sufficient足够的；D. productive多产的。根据“a plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) may be a better choice.”提及到插电式电动汽车(PHEV)可知，如果全电动汽车(AEVs)行驶路程范围不足够，就使用插电式电动汽车(PHEV)。故选C。

71．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：插电式混合动力电动汽车的续航里程较短(6至40英里)，当电池耗尽时，就切换到使用汽油的内燃机。A. promote促进；B. switch转换；C. replace代替；D. exploit利用。根据“ PHEVs run on electricity for shorter ranges (6 to 40 miles), ”可知，插电式混合动力电动汽车电池电量耗尽之后，就自动切换到使用汽油的内燃机。故选B。

72．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：插电式混合动力车的灵活性使得驾驶员可以尽可能多地使用电力，同时也可以在需要的时候使用汽油。A. flexibility灵活性；B. innovation创新；C. inspiration灵感；D. dominance支配。根据“allows drivers to use electricity as often as possible while also being able to fuel up with gasoline if needed. ”可知，插电式混合动力车具有灵活性。故选A。

73．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：与传统汽车相比，除了减少尾气排放，使用电网供电的汽车还能降低燃料成本。A. increases增加；B. deposits存储；C. compensates补偿；D. reduces减少。这里指使用电网供电的汽车的优点之一是减少尾气排放。故选D。

74．

考查短语词义辨析。句意：插电式混合动力车还可以在燃料电池、生物燃料或其他替代燃料中使用氢来替代汽油。A. as well as也，以及；B. more than不仅仅；C. except for除……之外；D. instead of代替。这里指插电式混合动力车用各种燃料来代替汽油。故选D。

75．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：以下一些最佳措施可以帮助您最大化您的全电动范围和车辆效率，无论您使用AEV还是PHEV。A. maximize使增加到最大限度；B. shrink收缩；C. expand扩大；D. minimize 将……减到最少。根据上文“Most have all-electric ranges of 80 to 100 miles”和“If this range is not ____10____, a plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) may be a better choice. ”可知，通过一些措施来最大化增加电动汽车的行驶路程。故选A。

Passage6 （2020·南京大学附属中学高三月考）

The Double Seventh Festival, also known as the Qixi Festival, is a traditional Chinese festival. Here is a beautiful story 76 it.

Long，long ago, there was a young man named Niulang(Cowherd), One day, he 77 a beautiful girl- Zhinu( Weaver girl)， the Goddess s seventh daughter. She had just run away from the 78 heaven(天国) to look for fun on Earth. Zhini soon 79 Niulang, and they got married without telling the Goddess. Niulang worked in the field and Zhinu wove(织布) at home. They 80 a happy life and gave birth to a boy and a girl. Unluckily, the Goddess soon found out the fact and 81 Zhinii to return to heaven. After Zhini left， Niulang was 82 upset. With the help of his magic cow,Niulang flew to heaven with his children to look for his wife. The Goddess discovered this and was very 83 Taking out her hairpin(发簪), the Goddess created a wide river in the sky to separate(分开) the two 84 . From then on, Niulang and Zhini had to live 85 on the two sides of the river. However,their true love 86 all the magpies(喜鹊) in the world, 87 once a year tens of thousands of magpies would fly up to heaven to make a bridge- the bridge of magpies for the couple to meet each other. At last, the Goddess allowed 88 to meet each other on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month. That's the Double Seventh Festival started. Today, it is a great 90 for Chinese young people to express their love.

76．A．through B．behind C．with D．after

77．A．met B．told C．thanked D．missed

78．A．boring B．interesting C．same D．different

79．A．looked forward to B．parted with C．turned down D．fell in love with

80．A．knew 81．A．promised 82．A．yet B．ever 83．A．angry 84．A．friends 85．A．back 86．A．surprised 87．A．so B．but 88．A．him ．A．how 90．A．day B．way 【答案】

B．lived B．waited C．quite . B．sorry B．lovers . B．away B．changed C．though B．her B．when C．lesson C．stayed D．gave

C．ordered D．helped

D．still

C．excited D．satisfied

C．parents D．children

C．halfway D．apart

C．touched D．protected

D．because

C．us D．them

C．what D．where

D．habit

76．B77．A78．A79．D80．B81．C82．C83．A84．B85．D86．C

87．A88．D．A90．A

【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的传统节日——七夕节的来历。

76．

考查介词词义辨析。句意：在它背后是一个美丽的故事。A. through通过；B. behind在……之背后；C. with和；D. after之后。根据下文“Long，long ago, there was a young man named Niulang(Cowherd)”可知，本文讲述了七夕节背后隐藏着美丽的故事。故选B。

77．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：很久很久以前，有个年轻人叫牛郎，一天，他遇到了一位美丽的姑娘——织女，天帝的第七个女儿。A. met遇见；B. told告诉；C. thanked感谢；D. missed想念。根据“and they got married”可知，牛郎在结婚前先遇见了织女。故选A。

78．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她刚刚从无聊的天国逃出来，到人间寻找乐趣。A. boring令人厌烦的；B. interesting有趣的；C. same相同的；D. different不同的。根据“to look for fun on Earth.”可知，因为天国很无聊，所以到人间寻找乐趣。故选A。

79．

考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：织女很快就爱上了牛郎，他们没有告诉天帝就结了婚。A. looked forward to期望；B. parted with和……分离；C. turned down拒绝；D. fell in love with爱上。根据“and they got married without telling the Goddess.”可知，牛郎织女相爱并结婚。故选D。

80．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们过着幸福的生活，生了一个男孩和一个女孩。A. knew知道；B. lived生活；C. stayed呆在；D. gave给与。live a … life过着……生活。根据“and gave birth to a boy and a girl.”可知，牛郎织女过着幸福的生活。故选B。

81．

考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，王母娘娘很快发现了这一事实，并命令织女回到天上。A. promised答应；B. waited等待；C. ordered命令；D. helped帮助。天帝命令织女返回天国。故选C。

82．

考查副词词义辨析。句意：织女走后，牛郎很难过。A. yet然而；B. ever曾经；C. quite很；D. still仍然。根据“After Zhini left”可知，织女离开了牛郎很难过。故选C。

83．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：王母娘娘发现了这件事，非常生气。A. angry生气的；B. sorry内

疚的；C. excited激动的；D. satisfied满意的。根据“With the help of his magic cow, Niulang flew to heaven with his children to look for his wife.”可知，在神牛的帮助下,牛郎带着孩子们飞向天国寻找妻子，所以天帝很生气。故选A。

84．

考查名词词义辨析。句意：王母娘娘拿出发夹，在空中创造了一条宽阔的河流，将这对恋人分开。A. friends朋友；B. lovers爱人；C. parents父母；D. children孩子。牛郎织女是一对相爱的人。故选B。

85．

考查副词词义辨析。句意：从此，牛郎和织女只好分开住在河的两岸。A. back返回；B. away远离；C. halfway半路地；D. apart分开。根据“the Goddess created a wide river in the sky to separate(分开) the two___9___.”可知，因为银河的存在，牛郎织女在河两边分开住。故选D。

86．

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，他们的真爱感动了世界上所有的喜鹊，所以每年都会有成千上万的喜鹊飞上天堂，搭一座鹊桥——鹊桥，让这对夫妻相见。A. surprised惊讶；B. changed改变；C. touched感动；D. protected保护。根据“____12____once a year tens of thousands of magpies would fly up to heaven to make a bridge- the bridge of magpies for the couple to meet each other.”可知，喜鹊被牛郎织女的爱情所感动。故选C。

87．

考查连词词义辨析。句意：然而，他们的真爱感动了世界上所有的喜鹊，所以每年都会有成千上万的喜鹊飞上天堂，搭一座鹊桥——鹊桥，让这对夫妻相见。A. so因此；B. but但是；C. though尽管；D. because因为。前后句之间为因果关系，所以用so。故选A。

88．

考查代词词义辨析。句意：最后，天帝允许他们在农历七月初七见面。A. him他；B. her她；C. us我们；D. them他们。allow sb .to do sth.允许某人做某事。这里指代牛郎和织女，所以用代词them。故选D。

．

考查名词性从句。句意：这就是七夕节的由来。A. how怎么；B. when什么时候；C. what什么；D. where哪里。此句为表语从句，此句缺少方式状语，所以用how。故选A。

90．

考查名词词义辨析。句意： 今天，它成为中国年轻人表达爱的好日子。A. day天；日子；B. way路；C. lesson课；D. habit习惯。根据“The Double Seventh Festival, also known as the Qixi Festival, is a traditional Chinese festival. ”可知，七夕节成为中国年轻人表达爱的日子。故选A。