一 词法(3)动词、介词、连词
【要点归纳】一、动词 【重点】 (一)动词
这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称,其中包括 be 动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词。
1. be 动词(am, is , are, was, were)
1).am-was, is-was, are-were. 口诀:我用 am, 你用 are, is 用在他她它,所有复数全用 are.
2).肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London.
He is (not) a teacher.
She is (not) in the dinning room. My hair is (not) long. 3).一般疑问句
Am I a Chinese? –Yes, you are./ No, you aren’t. Are they American? --Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. Is the cat fat? --Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t. 4).be 动词的否定形式:
am not(没有缩写形式), are not= aren’t.
2. 助动词(do, does, did)
Her eyes are (not) small.
is not= isn’t.
do, does 用于一般现在时态,其过去式 did 用于一般过去时,它们通常用在疑问句和否定句中,它们的否定形式是:
do not= don’t. does not= doesn’t. did not= didn’t.
注意:在一般现在时中,does 用于第三人称单数,其余一律用助动词 do; 助动词 do, does, did 后面一定要用动词原形。
3. 情态动词
情态动词也是一类特殊的动词,平时我们不把它说成是动词。情态动词可以和行
为动词同时出现在同一个句子中。
我们现在学过的情态动词有: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must.
注意:情态动词后动词总是用原形。(不受其他任何条件影响) 其否定形式: can not= can’t.
must not= mustn’t
注意:may not 和 shall not 无缩写形式。
4. 行为动词
就是我们平时上课时说的动词,表示某一动作或行为。如: sweep, live 等。行为动词我们已学过它们的四种形式: 原形、第三人称单数+s/es、现在分词(也叫动名词)+ing、 过去式+ed.
(1) 动词第三人称单数变化规则:
A .一般直接加 s. 如 play-plays, visit-visits, speak- speaks. B. 以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾时,加 es. 如 catch-catches, watch- watches. C .以辅音字母 y 结尾时,变 y 为 i 再加 es. 如 carry- carries. study- studies. (2)现在分词(动名词)构成规则:
A .一般直接加 ing. 如 go- going, do- doing, look- looking.
B. 以不发音的e 结尾的单词,去 e 加ing, 如take-taking, make-making, have-having C .以重读闭音节结尾的词,如末尾只有一个辅音字母,需要双写这个字母再加ing. 如 put-putting, stop- stopping, run-running, get-getting, swim-swimming, sit-sitting, begin-beginning, jog-jogging, forget-forgetting. (3)过去式构成规则:
A .一般直接加 ed, 如 plant-planted, visit- visited, pick-picked.
B. 以不发音字母 e 结尾,直接加 ed. 如 like- liked, hope-hoped, taste- tasted. C .以辅音字母y 结尾时,变 y 为i 再加ed. 如try- tried, carry-carried, study-studied. D.有些动词要双写最后一个字母,再加 ed. 如 stop-stopped. 【难点】还有很多动词的过去式是不规则的,请记忆:
是 -am(be)- was- being. 是 are(be)-were- being. 是 be-was, were, being 成为 become- became- becoming. 开始 begin-began- beginning 买 buy- bought- buying .
来 come-came- coming.
捕捉 catch- caught- catching 忘记 forget- forgot- forgetting. 得到 get- got- getting.
选择 choose- chose- choosing. 画 draw- drew- drawing
走 go-went- going
给 give- gave- giving.
知道 know- knew- knowing 制造 make- made- making 看见 see- saw- seeing
学习 learn- learned- learning 跑 run- ran- running
说 say- said- saying
睡觉 sleep- slept- sleeping
度过 spend- spent- spending
说 speak- spoke- speaking 二、介词 【重点】
1. 一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一起构成介词短语,
才能在句子中起作用。有: in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of, from…to…, at the back of….
2. 表示时间的介词有: at, on, in
(1) at 表示在某一个具体的时间点上,或用在固定词组中, 如 at ten o’clock, at 9:30 a.m. at night, at the weekend. (2) on 表示在某日或某日的时间段。如
on Friday, on the first of October. on Monday morning. (3) in 表示在某一段时间(月份、季节)里,如:
in the afternoon, in September, in summer, in 2005.
【难点】 in 一词还有其他的固定搭配。如 in blue(穿着蓝色的衣服), in English(用英语表达), take part in(参加). 三、连词
【重点】连词有两种:并列连接词和从属连接词。
1. 并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见的并列连接词有: and, but, or, nor, so, however, for, as well as, both…and… not only… but also…, either…or…, neither…nor…
2. 从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有: when, while, after, before, since, until, although, though, if, as, as…as…, as far as, as long as, in order that, as soon as, even if, because, unless, than, whether, so…that…, so that, now that…, by the time, every time, as if, no matter when(whenever), no matter where(wherever)
【难点】连词的辩析
1).because, as, since, for 的用法: because(因为),表示原因的语气最强,常用于必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答 why 的问句只能用 because, as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比 because 弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道,无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如
He is not at school today because he is seriously ill. 他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害
I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy. 既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧。 As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo. 既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧。
We must be off now for the match starts at 7:00.我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始。 2) though 与 although 的区别:两个词都可以表示“虽然”,均不可以与 but 同时使用,但在句中可加 still 或 yet 连用。although“尽管,虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为 thoug; though”虽然,尽管,即使”,还可以与 even 连用(even if),表示“即使,纵然”,作副词时意思是“然而,不过”,不能放在句首,如: He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes. 尽管疾病使他无法上课,但是他还是通过了考试。
She won’t leave the TV set even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper. 她不愿意离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭。 It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.
这是个不热闹的聚会,尽管如此我还是玩得很开心。
【热点题型】
例 1 用 be 动词的适当形式填空。 Whose socks 【答案】are
they?
【解析】socks 常用于复数,所以动词也要用复数 are. 【点拨】考查学生对系动词 be 的用法的掌握情况,难度易。例 2 用适当的助动词填空。 --What
she at the weekends?
---She usually plays games with her friends. 【答案】does…do
【解析】此句是一般现在时态,主语是第三人称单数,所以疑问句要借助于助动词 does, 后面的动词用原形,What does she do at the weekends?周末她做什么? 【点拨】考查学生对助动词的用法的掌握情况,难度易。例 3 选择正确答案。 How many books A. may
B. can
you see on the desk? C. should
【答案】B
【解析】此句意是:在桌子上你能看到几本书?can 能。 【点拨】考查学生对情态动词的掌握情况,难度易。例 4 用所给代词的适当形式填空。 I to school from Monday to Friday. My brother often to school together. We like to school with me.
Yesterday we to school very much. (go)
【答案】go; goes; went; going
【解析】第一句:我从周一到周五去上学,表示经常性的动作,用一般现在时态, 填 go; 第二句:我哥哥经常和我一起去上学,一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数, 所以要用 goes; 第三句:昨天我们一起去上学,一般过去时态,go 的过去式是went; 第四句:我们非常喜欢去上学,like doing sth.喜欢做某事,填 going.
【点拨】考查学生行为动词 go 在不同的时态中的用法的掌握情况,难度中。例 5 选用括号内恰当的介词填空。 Christmas is 【答案】on
【解析】在某月某日前用介词 on.
【点拨】考查学生对介词的用法的掌握情况,难度易。
(at, on, in) the 25th of December.
【易错诊断】
例 1 用所给介词的适当形式填空。 There are some apples 【错解】 in
【错误辨析】如果是树本身的一部分用介词 on, 如果不是树本身的一部分的用介词in. 树上有些苹果,苹果是树本身的一部分要用介词on, 如果说树上有一只鸟, 则要用介词 in. 这是学生们易错的地方,所以值得重视。 【正确答案】 on
例 2 根据句意填上合适的冠词。 What you last Sunday? ---I wrote to my friend.
(in, on, at) the tree.
【错解】did…did
【错误辨析】此句是一般过去时态,疑问句要借助于助动词 did, 后面的动词用原形,有部分同学容易忘记后面的动词要用原形,这是值得注意的。 【正确答案】 did…do
例 3 根据句意用所给代词的适当形式填空。 There (be) a boy, two girls, three men and two women in the park. 【错解】 are
【错误辨析】此句意是:在公园里有一个男孩,两个女孩,三个男人和两个妇女。有的同学做此题时感觉有这么多人,所以动词肯定用复数 are, 这是错误的,There be 结构中的 be 动词根据最近 be 动词的那个名词决定 - 就近原则,此句中跟 be 动词最近的名词是 a boy, 是单数,所以动词要用 is. 【正确答案】 is
例 4 用所给词的适当形式填空。 We will go (swim) next Sunday.
【错解】 swiming
【错误辨析】此句意是:下周日我们要去游泳。go swimming 去游泳,但有些学生容易将 swimming 写成 swiming,这是易出错的地方,要注意双写 m 再加 ing. 【正确答案】 swimming 例 5 用所给词的适当形式填空。 She can (see) a bird in the tree. 【错解】 sees
【错误辨析】此句意是:她在树上能看到一只鸟,在情态动词后面要跟动词原形, 这是学生们容易疏忽的地方,学生认为主语是第三人称单数,所以动词 see 要变为 sees.一定要注意:在情态动词后跟动词原形。 【正确答案】 see
【趁热打铁】一、填空欢乐谷
(一)用单词的适当形式填空。 1. He often 2.The boy 3. What 4. There 5. Liu Tao (have) dinner at home. (draw) a picture now. they often (do) on Saturday?
(be) some water in the bottle. (do) not like PE.
(二)用适当的单词补全句子。 6. What’s this English?
PE. 7. He doesn’t do well 8. We live a new house now. he is ill. Sunday. 9. He is not at school 10. We will go swimming 二、选择超市
1. It’s cold today. You must the coat. C. to put on
A. take off B. put on
2. How many eggs in the bag? C. have
A. is there 3. B. are there
me, please. B. Listen late next time!
C.be first one to C. talk
A. Listen to 4. Don’t A. is B. are 5.Who is go?
A. a B. an C. the
Tuesday? 6. What will you do A. on
B. in
C. at
7. The map A.of, on
China is B. on, of
the wall. C. of, in Jack. 8. Mr John is working A. at
B. to
C. with
9. It’s time to games. We all like B. play, play
games. C. playing, play
A. play, playing 10.I’d like A. to eat
a cup of tea. B. to drink
C. drink
三、根据图片完成句子。
1. They are football now.
2. He goes to school bike.
3. It’s time breakfast.
4. What your mother ? She is a teacher.
5. My favourite colour
red.
四、完形填空
Mr Smith 1 from London. Now he is in China. He is 2 . He teaches
3 a middle school. He works very hard. His students like 4 very much. He can 5 a little Chinese. His students often teaches him Chinese 6 Sundays. Mr Smith likes playing football. He often plays football 7 his students. Mr Smith 8 a son. His name is Jack. He is a student. He studies in a middle school. He goes to school 9 bike every day. He gets back home at four in the afternoon. He likes 10 TV in the evening. ( )1.A.come ( )2.A.teacher ( )3.A.on ( )4.A.he ( )5.A.say ( )6.A.at ( )7.A.for ( )8.A. has ( )9.A. on ( )10.A.seeing
B.comes B.a teacher B.in B.him B.speak B.of B.to B.have B.by B. looking
C.are D. coming
C.a worker D.a farmer C.at C.she C.talk C.on C.with C.there is C.in C.watching
D. from D. her D. tell D. in D.at D. there are D. of D. looking at
五、描写一下你的假期生活。50 词左右。
【趁热打铁】答案及解析
一、填空欢乐谷 (一)【答案】 1. has 【解析】
1. 此句是一般现在时态,因主语是第三人称单数,所以 have 要变为 has. 2. 由句中的 now 可知此句是现在进行时态,be+v-ing 构成,应填 is drawing. 3. 此句是一般现在时态,疑问句要借助于助动词 do, 后面动词用原形,应填 do, do.
2.is drawing 3. do, do 4. is 5. does
4.There be 结构,因 water 是不可数名词,所以前面动词用 is.
5. 此句为一般现在时态,因主语是第三人称单数,所以否定句要借助于助动词
does. (二)【答案】
6. in
7.in 8. in 9. because 10. on
【解析】
6. 此句意是:用英语说这是什么?in English 用英语表达。 7. 此句意是:他不擅长优育。do well in 擅长。
8. 此句意是:他现在住在一所新房子里,live in 居住在….. 9. 此句意是:他没在学校因为他病了。because 因为。 10. 在星期前用介词 on.
二、选择超市 【答案】 1. B 2.B 6. A 7.A 【解析】
1. 今天天气冷,你必须穿上大衣。put on 穿上,在情态动词后跟动词原形,应选
3.A 4.C 5. C
8. C 9.A 10. B
B。
2. 此句是 There be 结构,因 eggs 是复数,所以要用 are there.
3.此句意是:请听我说,listen to…听……固定搭配。
4. 此句是否定祈使句,在 Don’t 后跟动词原形,应选 C。 5. 此句意是:谁是第一个到的?在序数词前用 the. 6. 在星期前用介词 on.
7.a map of China 一张中国地图,用介词 of. on the wall 在墙上,用介词 on. 8.此句意是:约翰先生正和杰克一起工作,with 和……一起。
9. It’s time to do sth.到做某事的时间了,所以第一个空填 play. like doing sth.喜欢做
某事,所以第二个空填 playing.
10. would like to do sth.想要做某事,因 a cup of tea 一杯茶,所以要用 drink. 应选
B。 三、【答案】 1. playing 【解析】
1. 由图片可知 They are playing football now.他们现在正在踢足球,现在进行时态,
2.by 3.for 4.does, do 5. is
be+v-ing 构成,应填 playing.
2. 由图片可知 He goes to school by bike.他骑自行车去上学。by bike 骑自行车。 3. 由图片可知 It’s time for breakfast.到吃早餐的时间了,It’s time for…到…时间了。
4.由图片及回答可知此问句是 What does your mother do?你妈妈是做什么工作的?因主语是第三人称单数,所以疑问句要借助于助动词 does, 后面的动词用 原形。
5.由图片可知 My favourite colour is red.我最喜欢的颜色是红色。四、【答案】
1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.C 【解析】
1.come from 来自,因主语是第三人称单数,所以要用 comes from. 2.他是一名教师, He is a teacher.
3. 他在一所中学教学, in a middle school 在一所中学。 4. 在动词后跟宾格 him. 5. 说某种语言用动词 speak.
6. 在星期前面用介词 on.
7. 他经常和他的学生们一起踢足球,with 和 .. 一起。
8. 布朗先生有一个儿子,have 有,因主语是第三人称单数,所以要用 has. 9. 他骑自行车去上学,by bike 骑自行车。 10. like doing sth 喜欢做某事,watch TV 看电视。
五、 My Holiday
I went to Beijing on my holiday. Every day I had fun with my parents. We went to the Great Wall. We saw elephants and pandas in the zoo. We went swimming. We ate lots of delicious food. We also took many beautiful pictures. In a word, we enjoy our holiday.
用一般过去时描写自己的假期。
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