动词不定式讲解与练习

动词不定式讲与练

动词不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等。

一、作主语

动词不定式作主语可位于句首。例如：To learn a skill is very important for everyone in today's society.

也可使用it作形式主语，而将其置于句末。例如：It is necessary for young students to learn a foreign language.

动词不定式作主语的常用句型有：

1. It is＋adj./ n. (＋for sb.／sth.) ＋ to do sth.

用于此句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。

例如：It is interesting to play this game.

It is necessary for you to change your job.

It was impossible for them to complete the task in such a short time.

考例1：Is ____ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?

A. now B. man C. that D. it

用于此句型的名词有：pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。

例如：What a pity it is for you to have missed such a wonderful film.

It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old.

2. It is＋adj.＋of sb.＋to do sth.

该句型中只能使用描述某人的品德、特征的形容词，如： kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。

例如：How rude it was of the boy to jump the queue!

It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house.

How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance!

3. It takes sb.＋some time＋to do sth. 该句型意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”。

例如：It took us half an hour to ride to the town by bike.

二、作表语

动词不定式作表语常用于以下结构：My wish/ job/ aim/ goal is…及The next step/ measure is …等。

例如：Your job is to type the papers in the office. The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted.

三、作宾语

常见的只能使用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, choose, decide, hope, fail, wish, refuse, expect, manage, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand, arrange等。

例如：They decided to build a highway between these two cities.

She offered to help me when I was in trouble.

believe, think, consider, feel, make等动词可用于“动词+ it +adj. / n+to do sth.”句型，其中使用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末。

例如：I think it necessary for us to have a good rest after the long work.

She felt it her duty to help the old woman.

四、作宾补

可后接动词不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, ask, hear, order, see, tell, want,

wish, watch等。

例如：The doctor advised her no to eat too much sugar. I wish you to go to the meeting with me.

believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think等动词后可接to be型不定式作宾补。

例如：He declared himself to be a college student. 他自称是名大学生。

The police proved him to be a thief. 局证实他是小偷。

hope, demand, suggest等动词不能后接动词不定式作宾补。例如：

【误】I hope my son to be back soon.

【正】I hope my son will be back soon.

【误】She suggests us to have a discussion about it.

【正】She advises us to have a discussion about it.

【正】She suggests that we (should) have a discussion about it.

在主动结构中，下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略to：“五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)“三使”(make, let, have)“两听”(hear, listen to)“一感

觉”(feel)。例如：

Who made him work all night long?

但是，改为被动结构后，应补出省略的to。例如：He was seen to break the window.

五、作定语

动词不定式作定语，应位于所修饰词语之后，即：作后置定语。

例如：Have you got anything to eat? (to eat修饰anything，位于其后)

下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语：ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, failure, promise, way, wish等。例如：But she gave up the chance to go abroad.

由only, first, last, next以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后，也常接不定式作定语。

例如：Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night?

六、作状语

动词不定式作状语，可表示目的、原因、结果或条件。

例如：We went there to see our grandparents.（目的）

I am very sorry to hear that.（原因）

She hurried home only to find her father dead.（结果）

To look at the picture, you would like it.（条件）

作目的状语，还可以使用in order to或so as to。

例如：The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time.

结果状语还可以使用enough to, too…to…, so…as to, such… as to等结构。

例如：He got up too late to miss the early bus.

She was in such a hurry as not to notice me. 她如此匆忙，以致没有注意到我。

动词不定式的用法

1. 不定式的构成

不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。

不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：

一般式to do 被动式to be done 完成式to have done 完成被动式 to have

been done

进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing 其否定形式是由not加不定式构成。

如：His works are said to have been translated into many languages.

据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。

He pretended to be reading when his mother came in. 当他母亲进来时，他假装在看书。

His sister told him not to read in the sun. 他的姐姐让他不要在阳光下看书。

Mother made him get up early yesterday. 昨天母亲让他起得很早。

2. 不定式各种形式的用法

动词不定式的一般式表示要做的事，当主语或被修饰词是不定式的动词的动作承受者时，不定式常用被动式；如果其动作发生的时间早于谓语动词所发生的时间，这时不定式就常用完成式；这时，如果主语或被修饰词是不定式动词所表示动作的承受者，则不定式用完成被动式；如果不定式表示一个正在发生的动作，则用进行式。如：

He seems to be writing an article. But I don’t know what it is about.

他似乎在写一篇文章。但是我不知道是关于什么的。

His works are said to have been translated into many languages.

据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。

3. 不定式的主动与被动形式

一般说来，如果不定式的修饰成分是其动作的发出者，动词不定式用主动形式，如果是其动作的承受者，则用被动式。但是有些情况下要注意：

在have something to do中如果主语是动词不定式的动作发出者，则用主动式，如果主语不是动词不定式的动作发出者，则不定式用被动式have something to be done。

例如：1. I have a question to ask. 我有个问题要问。

2. I am going to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken?

我明天要去北京，你有东西要带吗?

（2）在不定式作定语时，如果句中有其动作发出者用主动形式，在there be句型中也常用不定式的主动形式但是如果强调动作本身，用被动式也可以。例如：

1. Give me something to eat, please. 请给我点东西吃。

2. There are many plans to make/ to be made. There is nothing to do/to be done.

但是：There is nothing to speak of. 不要用to be spoken of

There is plenty to eat. 不要用to be eaten.

4. 疑问词跟不定式的结构

动词不定式可以和疑问词搭配构成不定式短语，在句子中可做主语，宾语，表语。例如：

How to solve the problem is a big problem.(做主语)

I don’t know what to do next step.(做宾语)

What made me confused was how to do the work well.(做表语)

5. 不定式的语法作用

不定式在其内部具有动词特点所以它可以带有自己的修饰语，同时它还具有名词，形容词，副词的性质，所以在句子中可以充当主语，宾语，定语，状语，表语，补足语，插入语。

（1）不定式做主语

不定式做主语常指比较具体的要做的事情。但总的说来和动名词区别不大。

例如：To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek.

爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。

For one to know everything is difficult.

How to get rid of rats and flies is a big problem.

动词不定式在做主语时常用it替代，而把动词不定式放到表语或宾语的后面。

例如：It is not always easy to tell a lie.

It requires a lot of money to build a house.

It is impossible for one to know everything.

It is unknown to us what to do and where to go.

在下列结构中一般用不定式做主语：It is important/essential/necessary to do sth.。而在下列结构中常用动名词做主语: It is no good/no use/ no help doing sth.

例如：It is important for us students to learn English well.

It is necessary to tell him about that.

It is no good doing evil even toward evil people.

（2）不定式做宾语

动词不定式一般可做及物动词的宾语，动名词也可以做宾语，介词后面常跟动名词做宾语，除了but，except，besides等少数的介词之外。动名词也可以做宾语他们之间的区别在于：不定式表具体，动名词表一般。

试比较：I don’t like to play basketball today. I don’t like playing basketball.

但是有些及物动词只能跟动词不定式做宾语，这些动词如下：wish, hope, expect, manage, pretend, plan, decide, determine, fail, intend, promise, long, afford, arrange等等。

例如：John decided to marry her.

I cannot afford to get sick.

They wished to have organized a party.

He failed to pass the exam though he tried his best.

但是，下列动词则要求必须跟动名词做宾语：advise, suggest, forbid, permit, enjoy, mind, finish, excuse, admit, miss, dislike, can’t help(禁不住), can’t stand, practice, imagine, resist, resolve等。

例如：He had finished doing his homework before his mother came back.

I couldn’t help laughing at his words.

If you want to learn English well, you must practice speaking it as often as possible.

有些动词跟不定式和跟动名词表示的时间不一样，如regret, remember, forget。跟不定式表示没有做过的事情；而跟动名词则表示做过的事情。

例如：I regret to tell you that you are dismissed.

I remember meeting him somewhere before.

Don’t forget to take your umbrella in case it rains.

有些动词跟不定式和动名词表示的意思不同。如stop, mean, try等。

例如：After a long walk, he stopped to have a rest.

They stopped talking as soon as the teacher came in.

I didn’t mean to hurt you.

The heavy rain means our staying one more day here.

Why not try taking a boat to give yourself a change.

I tried to persuade him but failed.

另外，在动词want, need, require的后面一般跟不定式做宾语，跟单个的动名词则是主动表被动,如果带有的修饰成分较长也可以用不定式的被动式。

例如：He wants to see you and tell you something important.

The watch needs mending since it can’t work properly.

动词不定式一般不做介词宾语，但是在but, except, besides, than, instead of, about, save后面可以做介词宾语。

例如：He is about to leave the city.

We saw no alternative but/except/save to fight.

Nothing remains but to wait and see.

（3）不定式做状语

动词不定式做状语时，一般表示目的，有时表示出乎意料的结果。在形容词的后面时有时表示原因，形容词一般是glad, sorry, proud, angry, ashamed, excited, disappointed, interested等表示感情的词。

例如：I’m sorry to hear that. 表原因

He is amazed for Mary to receive that letter from a stranger. 表原因

He is happy for his daughter to marry a rich man. 表目的

In order for his son to study abroad, he has been very thrifty for ten years. 表目的

He tried to kill himself only to be saved. 表结果

做状语的不定式，可做评注性状语，对整个句子加以评述。例如下面的短语就常做这类状语：To be honest, to speak frankly, to speak generally, to cut a long story short等等

（4）不定式做表语

不定式做表语，一般都是回答主语（表示物或事情）是什么，有的书上解释成做主语补足语；动名词也有类此的用法，它们之间的区别在于：不定式一般比较具体，带有更多的修饰成分；动名词较抽象，一般带有的修饰成分少。分词做表语多是说明主语所处的状态, 特点, 性质,等等。

例如：My purpose is to help him.

His plan was to set up a big company.

His hope is for every student to work eight hours a day.

What impressed him most was to see the great changes that had happened there.

给他印象最深的是看到那里所发生的巨大变化。不定式做表语

The mountain is covered with snow all around the year.

山上终年覆盖着雪。过去分词做表语

比较：The glass is broken. 那个玻璃杯坏了。

The glass was broken by him. 那个玻璃杯是他打坏的。

To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。不定式或动名词做表语。

My advice is for you to apologize to her. 我的建议是你向他道歉。不定式做表语。

The story he told us is very interesting. 他给我们讲的故事很有趣。

在seem，appear，prove等系动词的后面表示状态。

例如：He seems to know it.

He appears to be jobless.

The method proved to be effective.

be to do可表示将来计划好安排好的事情，可表示上级对下级的吩咐，要求，命令，也可以表示命中注定要发生的事情。

例如：You are to die at eighty-two. （上天安排。）

One is to struggle for one’s living. （自然安排）

You are to be back by ten o’clock. （吩咐）

Nobody is to say such a thing. （禁令）

If you are to study in Europe, you must learn about a foreign language.

（5）不定式做补足语

不定式做补足语常表示经常发生，反复发生的动作，也可以表示瞬间完成的动作；现在分词做补足语表示正在发生的事情，或表示一个过程；过去分词表示被动，多数表示完成，但有些没有完成意思。

例如：He saw him come in. 我看见他进来了。

比较：I saw him coming in. 我看见他正走进来。

I often see him play on the playground.

I just saw him playing on the playground.

They had the light burning all the night. 他们让灯整夜的亮着。

She will have her hair cut this afternoon. 她今天下午去理发。

动词want，order的后面有跟动词不定式的被动式表示被动，表示要做事情。

例如：They don’t want the land to be built. 他们不想让土地用于建筑。

The emperor ordered all the walls to be joined up. 皇帝命令把所有的城墙都连接起来。

在下列动词的后面不定式做宾补时，需要省略to：feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, look at, see, watch, notice, observe, help等，但是变成被动语态时，省略的to必须加上。

例如：I will have him do it for me.

He watched the painter paint the door.

I felt the house shake.

Let him come at seven.

I was made to get up early yesterday.

The house was felt to shake.

（6）不定式做定语

不定式做定语时，放在被修饰词的后面，常表示要做的事情，带有很强的目的性，如果句中有其动作的发出者常用主动式，强调要做也可以用被动式，如果没有其动作的发出者，则常用被动式。

例如：He has a lot of things to do.

The manager told the secretary he had a report to be typed. （从句中）

An attempt to climb the mountain will be made.

The order for the army to start was given.

He needs love to strength his broken heart.

There is no need to set up at once.

有关不定式的练习题:

1. He is said to ____ to his country because a new president comes into power.

A. be allowed to return B. allow to return C. allow returning D. be allowed returning

2. He spoke in such a high voice ____ at the further end of the room.

A. as to be heard B. to be heard C. as to hear D. to hear

3. --- Why was the official meeting called? --- ____ new officers.

A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. To have select

4. In Australia, he made a lot of friends ____ a practical knowledge of the English language.

A. to get B. get C. getting D. got

5. To play fair is as important as ____ .

A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well

6. We agreed _____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

A. having met B. eating C. to meet D. to have met

7. Rather than _____ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ____ a bicycle.

A. ride, ride B. riding, ride C. ride, to ride D. to ride, riding

8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ____ .

A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

9. --- Do you work in the lab every afternoon? --- No, but sometimes, I wish I ____ .

A. had time to B. had time to do C. have time to D. have time

10. I’ll do whatever I can ____ my English.

A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving

11. Could you tell me the way you’ve thought of _____ ?

A. to do it B. doing it C. do it D. has to do it

12. He was often listened ____ in the next room.

A. sing B. sung C. to to sing D. to singing

13. Would you be ____ shut the window?

A. enough kind to B. kind enough not to C. kind enough to D. so kind enough as to

14. Don’t take the medicine, it can’t help ____ rid of your cold.

A. getting B. to get C. to getting D. gets

15. My grandmother seems to have a lot ____ .

A. worry about B. to worry C. to be worried D. to worry about

16. Every minute is made full _____ of _____ our lessons.

A. to use, study B. use, studying C. useful, to study D. use, to study

17. I would love ____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone

18. You shouldn’t allow ____ games near the classroom, for it’s too noisy.

A. student playing B. play C. students to play D. to play

19. The waiter was made _____ to the guest.

A. apologize B. apologizing C. to apologize D. to be apologizing

20. Whom would you rather _____ the work?

A. to have to do B. to have do C. have to do D. have do

21. I had meant _____ on you, but I was so busy.

A. call B. to call C. calling D. be calling

22. --- Do you often have someone____ your clothes? --- Yes, I often have them ____ .

A. wash, to wash B. to wash, washed C. washed, wash D. wash, washed

23. She actually heard about it, but he pretended_____ .

A. to hear not B. not hearing C. to not hear D. not to

24. Pieces of bamboo or wood ____ books between 2nd and 5th century AD.

A. used to formed B. used to form C. were used to form D. used to be forming

25. ---Why did you move the table over there? --- ______ the new sofa?

A. Share room with B. To make room for C. Given room for D. Saving room for

26. A middle-aged woman came _______ to the bus stop only ______ the bus had gone.

A. to run, finding B. running, to find C. and ran, found D. running, find

27. To know what is good and ______ are two different things.

A. knowing what is wrong B. do what is right

C. to do what is right D. doing what is right

28. Smith appears ______ a long time. He is impatient for my arrival.

A. to wait B. to be waiting C. to have waited D. to have been waiting

29. Our professor has just come back from aboard. He seems ______ his trip very much.

A. to enjoy B. to have enjoyed C. to be enjoying D. to have been enjoying

30. --- Why has Jack not come yet now? Anything wrong with him?

--- He didn’t pass the test but he still _______.

A. hopes so B. hopes that C. hopes to D. hopes it

31. The houses _______ are for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.

A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built

32. --- Why did you come a long way round?

--- I was afraid _____ near the fierce dog because I was afraid _______.

A. of walking, to be bitten B. to walk, of being bitten

C. to walk, to be bitten D. of walking, of being bitten

33. He is said ______ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.

A. to have been badly treated B. treating badly

C. being badly treated D. to be treated badly

34. Some kids wish people wouldn’t keep on _____ how, years ago, children were made _____ far more respect to their elders.

A. point out, show B. pointing out, showing

C. pointing out, to show D. to pointing, to show

35. The last person _____ the sinking ship was the captain.

A. left B. leave C. to leave D. to be leaving

36. --- Why was he fined?

--- He happened to _____ several flowers in the park.

A. be seen pick B. be seen picking C. be caught to pick D. catch picking

37. --- Do you have anything more ____, sir?

--- No, you can have a rest or do something else.

A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D. to type

38. Don’t you think the question _____ tomorrow is of great importance?

A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss

39. --- I’m terribly sorry, but I seem ____ a hole in the rug. --- Oh, that’s all right.

A. burn B. to burn C. to have burnt D. to be turning

40. It is impossible for anyone _____ these photographs before, because Mr. Newman had them developed today.

A. having seen B. to have seen C. to see D. seeing

41. If the work _____ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.

A. is completed B. to be completed C. has been completed D. being completed

42. I would love _____ to the cinema last night, but I had to look after my sick sister at home.

A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone

43. --- Did you seen Tom? He said he would come back for supper at six o’clock..

--- He seems ____ with Bob in the lake.

A. to swim B. to be swimming C. to have swim D. swimming

44. Reading English in the morning seems to be a rule _____.

A. to never break B. never to be breaking C. never to be broken D. never to break

45. The boy the teachers considered ____ failed in the final exam, ______ surprised them very much.

A. to be the best student, which B. as the best student, that

C. to have been studying well, that D. such as a good student, which

46. For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only ______ to come again the next day.

A. telling B. to be told C. told d. being told

47. --- Why so serious, dear?

--- Nothing. I’m just thinking about the problem _____ tomorrow.

A. discussed B. will be discussed C. to be discussed D. being discussed

48. The boy needs____ all about it.

A. to know B. to be known C. know D. knowing

49. He used to ____ up late, but now he is used to _____ up early.

A. get, get B. get, getting C. getting, get D. getting, getting

50. _______ their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning English.

A. Improving B. To improve C. Improve D. Having improved

51. --- I’d like Mary to type the report.

--- Don’t trouble her. She _____ have no time ______ it before she leaves.

A. must, to finish B. must, finishing C. would, to finish D. would, finishing

52. The badly wounded soldier slowly opened his lips as if ______ something.

A. to say B. said C. he had said D. was saying

53. The theory of relativity is hard ______ .

A. to understand B. understood C. understanding D. being understood

54. I blamed him so angrily for his mistakes, but I ______ it like that.

A. would rather not do B. wouldn’t rather do

C. would rather not have done D. wouldn’t rather have done

55. The driver kept ____ about the accident ____ lose his job.

A. still, in order to not B. quiet, not so as to

C. silent, so as not to D. calm, in order not to

56. No one _____ that building without the permission of the police.

A. is leaving B. is to leave C. has left D. will be leaving

57. The Olympic Games ______ in Beijing in 2008 will be exciting.

A. hold B. held C. holding D. to be held

58. Which do you enjoy _____ your weekends, fishing or watching TV?

A. spending B. to spend C. being spend D. spend

59. A kind gentleman offered ____ my bags.

A. his help carried B. carrying C. me to carry D. to help me to carry

60. He firmly asked _____ a chance to try his luck, which at once encouraged _____.

A. to give, the other, four B. to be given, the other four

C. be given, four the other C. giving, the four others

61. I could do nothing but _____ that I didn’t know.

A. to pretend B. pretend C. pretended D. pretending

62. Whom had you better ____ it?

A. to let do B. let to do C. let do D. to let to do

63. The Three Gorges Dam ____ now on Changjiang River is _____ soon.

A. to be put up, completed B. putting up, being completed

C. to be put up, being completed D. being put up, to be completed

. While he was stealing in the office, he _____ by his boss.

A. happened to see B. was happened to see

C. was happened to be seen D. happened to be seen

65. --- Where is George? He said he would meet me here at 3 o’clock..

--- He seems _____ with Mr. Brown in the office.

A. to talk B. to be talking C. to have talked D. talking

66. My cousin has passed the entrance examination. My family sent him an E-mail _____ his success.

A. to congratulate him on B. congratulating him on

C. and congratulated with him D. congratulate to him

67. All I want is ____ treated as a child by the teachers and parents.

A. not be B. being C. not to be D. to be not

68. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.

A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. don’t make

69. --- Where should I send my form? --- The Personnel Office is the place_______.

A. for sending it B. to send it to C. to sent D. to sent it

70. You are _____ too old ______ a Christmas stocking.

A. never, to enjoy B. / , enjoying C. / , enjoy D. never, enjoying

71. Paul doesn’t have to be made _____ . He always works hard.

A. learn B. learned C. to learn D. learning

72. I would rather starve to death than_____ for food.

A. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg

73. We hurried to the bus station ____ that the bus had already left.

A. only finding B. only to find C. to find only D. to only find

74. He was afraid _____ forwards because he was afraid _____ down.

A. of going, of falling B. of going, to fall C. to go, of falling D. to go, to fall

75. ---Why did he let you repeat his instruction time and time over?

--- _____ that I remember what was _____ after he went out.

A. To make sure, to do B. Making sure, to be done

C. To see to it, to be done D. Seeing to, done

76. --- Why did you come to see the play you didn’t like?

--- I shouldn’t like ______ , but my friend insisted. I like _____ .

A. having come, to dance B. to have come, dancing

C. to come, to dance D. coming, dancing

答案：

1-5 AACAA 6-10 CCAAB 11-15 ACCBD 16—20 DBCCD 21-25 BDDCB 26-30 BCDBC 31-35

BBACC

36-40

BBCCB 41-45

BBBCA 46-50

BCABB 51-55

CAACC 56-60 BDBDB 61-65 BCDDB 66-70 ACBBA 71-76 CABCCB